GIS公园 goldengr@126.com 15 2007年中科院遥感所RS遥感概论考研试题
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2007年中科院遥感所RS遥感概论考研试题 名词解释：（20PTS） 1、空间信息网格 2、空间关系 3、空间数据质量 4、空间索引 5、开放式地理信息系统 填空：（50PTS 每空2分，答错扣一分） 1、空间分析三层次 2、地图投影三类型、及适用情况（大面积点分布、大面积区域制图 2007年中科院遥感所RS遥感概论考研试题
名词解释：（20PTS）
1、空间信息网格
2、空间关系
3、空间数据质量
4、空间索引
5、开放式地理信息系统
填空：（50PTS 每空2分，答错扣一分）
1、空间分析三层次
2、地图投影三类型、及适用情况（大面积点分布、大面积区域制图），高斯投影类型、特点（中央经线与纬线）
3、矢量数据三种存储结构及那种具有真正GIS功能
4、地理建摸三步骤
5、空间信息三种查询方式
6、空间实体的三种信息
7、GIS萌芽年代，第一个运行型GIS系统出现的国家
简答：（50PTS）
1、遥感影像的常用组织和存储方式
2、地理数据库特点
3、数据质量控制常用方法
4、空间信息分类中的数学方法
5、GIS开发步骤
论述：（30PTS）
GIS在《十一五规划》四类主体功能区划中的应用前景，并举例说明技术流程。 中科院遥感所,RS,遥感概论,考研试题 GIS考研 admin 未知 2010-09-19 15:24 历年中科院考研GIS试题试卷
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历年中科院考研GIS试题试卷: 2000年GIS试题 一、名词解释（每个4分，共20分） 1. 空间拓扑关系 2. 地址匹配 3. 元数据 4. 栅格数据结构 5. 空间数据精度 二、简答题（每个10分，共30分） 1. 简述地理信息系统的组成 2. 数字地形模型（DTM）的构建与应用 3. 叠加分析 三 历年中科院考研GIS试题试卷:
2000年GIS试题
一、名词解释（每个4分，共20分）
1. 空间拓扑关系
2. 地址匹配
3. 元数据
4. 栅格数据结构
5. 空间数据精度
二、简答题（每个10分，共30分）
1. 简述地理信息系统的组成
2. 数字地形模型（DTM）的构建与应用
3. 叠加分析
三、问答题（任选二，每个25分，共50分）
1. 地理信息系统的发展及趋势
2. 时空动态数据结构研究
3. 结合你的专业，论述GIS应用的关键技术问题
2000年RS试题
一、名词解释（每个5分，共25分）
1. 高光谱遥感
2. 空间分辨率
3. 大气纠正
4. 色度空间
5. 小波变换
二、论述题（任选三，每个25分，共75分）
1. 微波遥感的成像机理
2. 多源数据复合的方法及关键技术
3. 遥感的发展及前沿综述
4. 结合你的专业，谈谈遥感应用的关键技术
2001年GIS试题
一、名词解释
1. 地址匹配
2. 地图精度
3. 关系数据库
4. 四叉树
二、简答题
1. Internet GIS的特点及应用
2. GIS的结构及功能
3. 空间分析方法及应用
三、论述题
1. GIS的发展趋势
2. GIS与RS、GPS的集成方法
3. GIS空间分析功能的缺陷及改进方法
2002年GIS试题
一、名词解释
1. 地理空间
2. 行程编码
3. 地址匹配
4. 拓扑关系
5. 空间数据元数据
二、简答
1. 地理信息系统的组成与功能
2. 数字地形模型的建立方法与特点
3. 地理信息系统互操作
三、问答
1. GIS的发展历程
2. 结合你的专业，谈一谈gis的应用与关键点
2003年GIS试题
一名词解释
DEM、TIN、平移转换、栅格结构 ，忘了
二、简答
1、GIS的组成
2、空间拓扑分析
3、GIS互操作
三、论述（任选二个）
1、GIS的发展简史和趋势
2、WebGIS的核心模型及其应用
3、结合您的专业，谈谈GIS的应用关键和潜在领域
2007年GIS试题
一，选择：
二，定义：地理信息系统，大地水准面，空间索引，半方差图，流域分析，。。。。
三，简答题：最优路径分析的原理及其应用，。。。。。。
2007年中科院地理信息系统试题
一. 单选题：（10*2=20）
1. 已知北京经纬度，求其处于第几度带？
A．20度 B.30度 C.40度 D.50度
2. 墨卡托投影属于何种投影？
A.等积 B.等角 C.等距 D.方位
3. 下面属于非拓扑结构的是：
A. acview coverge B. arcview shape C.TIN D. -----
4. 下面属于拓扑关系的是：
A. M位于N的东南方向
B.M位于N的内部
C.M与N相邻
D.M 与N相交
5. 关于叠加分析的说法正确的是：
6. 有关反距离权重插值
7. 下列能表示空间要素的饱和度的是：
A．色相 B. … C.彩度 D.————
8. 忘记了
9. GIS 中常使用的数据库模型是：
A.层次 B.关系 C.网络
10. 为了分析泥石流灾害影响，下面哪些数据是必须的
A.坡度和地质图 B.坡度和地形图
C.坡向何地质图 D.坡度和——
二.名词解释（6*5=30）：
1.地理信息系统
2.大地水准面
3.空间索引
4.泰森多边形
5.流域分析
6.半方差图
三.简答题（5*10=50）： #p#分页标题#e#
1.分别说明局部运算和邻域运算的含义及区别，并举例说明他们的应用。
2.介绍最短路径的原理和应用。
3.说明不规则格网和高程格网两者之间优缺点。
4.说明GIS建模选用栅格或矢量模型的重要性。
5.以下有一幅MOTON扫描顺序的图表，请用栅格流程编码进行编码
1 1 5 5 2 2 3 3
1 1 7 2 3 4 4 5
1 1 7 7 2 2 5 5
1 1 7 7 5 5 2 2
7 7 7 7 4 4 3 3
7 7 7 7 4 4 3 3
四．论述题（2*25=50）
1.现有一个重要工程选址，要求沿海岸线，坡度小于3度，地质为花岗岩或麻岩，远离居民，现请以GIS为工具，详细论述工程选址的设计过程及步骤。
2.谈谈你对GIS空间分析技术应用前景。（可以谈在城市规划，城市交通，资源管理，环境监测的某个领域的应用，也可以结合你的专业背景或所学知识谈谈你所感兴趣领域）
中科院考研试题,中科院考研试卷,GIS试题试卷 GIS考研 admin 未知 2010-09-19 15:18 1999年至2004年中科院地理所考博试题-GIS概论
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想考中科院地理所得同学们有福了，好不容易找到的1999年至2004年中科院地理所考博试题-GIS概论。 1999年中科院地理所考博GIS概论试题 一、 名词解释 数字地图 地理编码 拓扑叠加 二、 简答 1. openGis的特点 2. GIS的基本功能和基本特征 3. 空间坐标的转换方式和方法 4 想考中科院地理所得同学们有福了，好不容易找到的1999年至2004年中科院地理所考博试题-GIS概论
1999年中科院地理所考博GIS概论试题
一、 名词解释
数字地图 地理编码 拓扑叠加
二、 简答
1. openGis的特点
2. GIS的基本功能和基本特征
3. 空间坐标的转换方式和方法
4. 地理信息系统数据库管理系统的特点。
5. 地理信息系统的主要分析方法。
6. 地理信息系统与计算机制图关系剖析。
7. 数字地形模型的构建与应用。
三、 问答（任选二）
1. 论地理信息系统与地理信息科学。
2. 专业模型与地理信息系统连接方式比较。
3. 结合你的专业，举例说明地理信息系统的应用特点。
2000年中科院地理所考博GIS概论试题
一、名词解释（每个4分，共20分）
空间拓扑关系（空间拓扑叠加） 地址匹配 元数据 栅格数据结构 空间数据精度
二、简答题（每个10分，共30分）
1. 简述地理信息系统的组成
2. 数字地形模型（DTM）的构建与应用
3. 叠加分析
三、问答题（任选二，每个25分，共50分）
1. 地理信息系统的发展及趋势
2. 时空动态数据结构研究
3. 结合你的专业，论述GIS应用的关键技术问题
2001年中科院地理所考博GIS概论试题
一、名词解释（10分）
地址匹配 地图精度 关系数据库 四叉树 离散化
二、简答题（40分）
1. Internet GIS的特点及应用
2. GIS的结构及功能
3. 空间分析方法/功能（三种以上）及应用
4. 数字地形模型的特征及应用
三、论述题（1、2选一，3、4必答）
1. 地理信息系统的发展趋势（15分）
2. 地理信息系统的应用方法论（15分）
3. 试述地理信息系统的空间分析功能的缺陷及可能的改进方法（15分）
4. 试论3S的相互关系和集成方法（20分）
2002年中科院地理所考博GIS概论试题
一、名词解释
地理空间 行程编码 地址匹配 拓扑关系 空间数据元数据
二、简答
1. 地理信息系统的组成与功能
2. 数字地形模型的建立方法与特点
3. 地理信息系统的互操作
4. 矢量数据结构和栅格数据结构的优缺点
三、问答
1. GIS的发展历程（地理信息系统简史）
2. 空间数据结构和地理信息系统模拟
3. 结合你的专业，谈一谈gis的应用及关键点（关键技术）
2003年中科院地理所考博GIS概论试题
一、名词解释（5*4）：
栅格数据结构 数字高程模型 元数据 平移变换 TIN
二、简答（3*10）
1. GIS互操作
2. 空间拓扑分析
3. GIS组成
三、问答（3选2，50分）
1. GIS的发展简史与趋势
2. WebGIS的组成
2004年中科院地理所考博GIS概论试题
一、简答（40分）：
1、GIS的主要功能。
2、地址匹配及其可能的应用。
3、空间数据结构的类型和比较（地理信息系统的数据结构及其特点）。
4、空间（拓扑）叠加的方法。
5、地理信息系统的组成。
二、论述（每题20分，共60分，任选3题）：
1、网络GIS的特点和发展趋势。
2、数字高程模型的类型和比较（建立方法及优缺点比较）
3、GIS的发展历程和趋势
4、地理信息的组成和不确定性
其它：
1．论述DEM的主要应用及特点。
2．分别论述矢量和栅格数据空间特征几何分析的主要类型及作用。
3．矢量、栅格、DTM数据结构的优缺点分析。
4．GIS详细设计的主要内容。
5．GIS可行的开发策略(自上而下方法；自下而上方法；综合方法；企业系统规划法)
6．GIS在本专业领域的应用现状及前景分析。
7．地理信息系统发展的历史背景及其必然性
8．空间数据模型。 中科院地理所考博试题,GIS概论 GIS考研 admin 未知 2010-09-19 15:13 什么是恙虫病其症状是什么？【恙虫图片】
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什么是恙虫病?恙虫病又称丛林斑疹伤寒，是由恙虫病立克次体（亦称东方立克次体）所致的急性传染 什么是恙虫病?恙虫病又称丛林斑疹伤寒，是由恙虫病立克次体（亦称东方立克次体）所致的急性传染病。其基本病变为全身性小血管炎、血管周围炎及网状内皮细胞增生。临床上以发热、焦痂（或溃疡）、淋巴结肿大、皮疹和肝脾肿大等为特征。 本病是一种自然疫源性传染病，在我国东南、西南地区的沿海岛屿发病率较高。鼠类是主要传染源，通过恙叮咬而传播给人。
恙虫病主要媒介为地里纤恙螨，临床特征为突然起病、发热、叮咬处有焦痂或溃疡、淋巴结肿大及皮疹。恙虫病在华南一带被叫做“沙虱热”。据专家介绍，恙螨在亚热带地区较为活跃，高峰期常出现在夏秋之际。这种小虫滋生在地势比较低洼、潮湿和杂草丛生的地方，也会寄生在家鼠、鸟类、爬行和两栖类动物身上，家猫、家兔亦常见。所以，在草地上除草、玩耍的时候，就有可能被恙螨叮咬。
恙虫病症状及临床表现
1.起病急，有畏寒或寒战、高热、全身酸痛、疲乏、食欲减退等急性感染症状。
2.颜面潮红、结膜充血、焦痂或溃疡、淋巴结肿大、皮疹、肝脾肿大等。
3.在病程的第2周，病情常会加重，可有表情淡漠、重听、谵妄甚至抽搐或昏迷，并可有脑膜刺激征或心肌炎症状，或有咳嗽、胸痛、气促等肺炎症状。
恙虫图片:
http://www.gispark.com/uploads/allimg/100919/1_091ZU4434W2.jpg 什么是恙虫病,恙虫图片 网络文摘 admin 未知 2010-09-19 08:47 煤矿测量工作的主要任务
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煤矿测量工作的主要任务是： 1、建立矿区地面和井下（露天坑）测量控制系统，为煤矿各项测量工作提供起算数据； 2、依据设计文件，进行采掘（剥）、土建、管线和机电安装等工程测量工作，并在煤矿基本建设和生产各个阶段，对采掘（剥）工程是否按设计施工进行检查和监 煤矿测量工作的主要任务是：
1、建立矿区地面和井下（露天坑）测量控制系统，为煤矿各项测量工作提供起算数据；
2、依据设计文件，进行采掘（剥）、土建、管线和机电安装等工程测量工作，并在煤矿基本建设和生产各个阶段，对采掘（剥）工程是否按设计施工进行检查和监督；
3、利用测绘资料，解决煤矿生产、建设和改造中提出的各种测绘问题，并为煤矿灾害的预防、救护提供有关的测绘资料；
4、测绘各种煤矿测量图，满足煤矿生产、建设和规划各阶段的需要；
5、定期进行矿井“三量”（开拓煤量、准备煤量和回采煤量）、露天矿“二量”（开拓煤量、回采煤量）和露天矿采剥量的统计分析；正确反映煤矿采掘（剥）关系现状。按《生产矿井储量管理规程》的要求；对煤矿各级储量动态及损失量进行统计和管理工作，对煤炭资源的合理开采进行业务监督；
6、建立地表、岩层和建（构）筑物变形观测站，开展矿区地表与岩层移动规律、采矿或非采矿沉陷综合治理以及环环境保护工作的研究；
7、根据矿区地表与岩层移动变形参数，设计和修改各类保护煤柱。参与“三下”（铁路下、水体下和建筑物下）采煤和塌陷区综合治理以及土地征用和村庄搬迁的方案设计和实施；
8、进行矿区范围内的地籍测量；
9、参与本矿区（矿）月度、季度、年度生产计划和长远发展规划的编制工作。 任务,主要,工作,测量,煤矿, 测绘测量 admin 未知 2010-09-18 15:20 工程测量考试试题[附答案]
http://www.gispark.com/gis-kaoyan/3096.html
工程测量考试试题 1.下列不属于变形观测的内容的是（ ） (A)沉降观测 (B)位移观测 （C）倾斜观测 （D）角度观测 答案：D 2.水准面处处与（ ）正交 （A）铅垂线 （B）水平线 （C）子午线 （D）法线 答案：A 3.测量工作是以（ ）作为基准线 （A）铅垂线 （B）水平线 （C 工程测量考试试题
1.下列不属于变形观测的内容的是（ ）
(A)沉降观测 (B)位移观测 （C）倾斜观测 （D）角度观测
答案：D
2.水准面处处与（ ）正交
（A）铅垂线 （B）水平线 （C）子午线 （D）法线
答案：A
3.测量工作是以（ ）作为基准线
（A）铅垂线 （B）水平线 （C）子午线 （D）视线
答案：A
4.测量工作以( )作为测量数据计算的基准面
（A）水准面 （B）水平面 （C）球面 （D）参考椭球面
答案：D
5.高斯投影6°带从首子午线开始起算，向东每隔（ ）分为一带
(A)3° （B）6° （C）12° （D）24°
答案：B
6.珠穆朗玛峰的高程是8848.13m，此值是指该峰顶至（ ）的铅垂距离
（A）水准面 （B）水平面 （C）大地水准面 （D）椭球面
答案：C
7.确定地面上的一个点的位置通常是指确定点的（ ）
（A）角度和高程 （B）距离和高程 （C）角度和距离 （D）坐标和高程
答案：D
8.下列不属于测量工作的三个基本定位要素的是（ ）
（A）距离 （B）角度 （C）高程 （D）高差
答案：D
9.A、B两点的高程分别为HA=32.751m，HB=64.237m，则A、B两点间的高差为（ ）
（A）31.486m （B）31.487m （C）31.488m （D）31.489m
答案：A
10.地球上某点的经度为东经176°15′，则它所在高斯投影3°带中的中央子午线的经度为（ ）
（A）176° （B）177° （C）178° （D）179°
答案；B
11.已知某角度值为34°15′24″，则此角值所对应的弧度值为（ ）
（A）0.60 (B)0.59 (C)0.58 (D)0.57#p#分页标题#e#
答案：A
12.通过静止的平均海水面，并向陆地延伸所形成的封闭曲面，称为（ ）
（A）水平面 （B）水准面 （C）大地水准面 （D）参考椭球面
答案：C
13.地面点至（ ）的铅垂距离，称为相对高程
（A）假定水准面 （B）大地水准面 （C）参考椭球面 （D）假定水平面
答案：A
14. 1985年国家高程基准（ ）
（A）黄海高程系统 （C）1980年国家大地坐标系
(C) 高斯平面直角坐标 (D) 1985年国家高程基准
答案：D
15. 在三角高程测量中，采用对向观测可以消除( )
(A)度盘刻划误差 （B）地球曲率差和大气折光差
（C）视准轴误差 (D)视差的影响
答案：C
16. 目前,我国采用的高程系统是（ ）
(A)黄海高程 (B)1985国家高程基准
(C)吴淞高程 (D)平均海面高程
答案：B
17. 0.700的数,其有效数字是（ ）
(A)二位有效数字 (B)三位有效数字
(C)四位有效数字 (D)一位有效数字
答案：B
18.视准管的分划值比圆视准器的分划值小，所以视准管的灵敏度（ ）
(A)更高 (B)更低
(C)一样 (D) 都有可能
答案：A
19.将水准仪安置在A、B两点之间，已知HA＝20.379m，在A点的水准尺的读数为1.749m，在B点的水准尺的读数为1.058m，则B点的视线高程为（ ）米
(A)22.128米 (B)22.127米 #p#分页标题#e#
(C)3.198米 (D)3.197米
答案：A
20. 当经纬仪瞄准一点时,盘左竖盘读数为L=86°45′12",盘右竖盘读数为R=273°14′36",此时竖盘指标差为（ ）
（A）+6" (B)－6" (C)－12" (D)+12"
答案：B
21. 设地面上有A、B两点，A为后视点，B为前视点，测得后视读数为a，前视读数为b，若使AB两点之间的高差hAB大于零，则（ ）
(A)a<b （B）a>b （C）a＝b （D）a≤b
答案：B
22. 测量工作对精度的要求是( )
(A)没有误差最好 (B)越精确越好
(C)根据需要，适当精确 (D)仪器能达到什么精度就尽量达到
答案：C
23.某地形图的比例尺为1/500，则其比例尺精度为（ ）
（A）0.2m (B)0.02m (C)0.5m (D)0.05m
答案：D
24.下列各种比例尺的地形图中，比例尺最大的是( )
（A）1∶5000 (B)1∶2000 (C)1∶1000 (D)1∶500
答案：D
25.水准仪的( )轴是过零点的法线。
（A）横 (B)圆水准器
(C)符合水准管 (D)照准部水准管
答案：B
26.观测水平角时，采用改变各测回之间水平度盘起始位置读数的办法，可以削弱的( )影响 #p#分页标题#e#
(A)度盘偏心误差 (B)度盘刻划不均匀误差
(C)照准误差 (D)读数误差
答案：B
27.水准点高程为24.397米，测设高程为25.000米的室内地坪。设水准点上读数为1.445米， 则室内地坪处的读数为（ ）米
（A）1.042 (B)0.842 (C)0.642 (D)0.242
答案：B
28. GPS定位技术是一种( )的方法。
（A）摄影测量 (B) 卫星测量
(C)常规测量 (D)不能用于控制测量
答案：B
29.水准测量时，水准仪至后视、前视尺之间的距离相等，可以消除或减弱的误差是（ ）
（A）水准管气泡不严格居中的误差 （B）水准尺倾斜所引起的误差
（C）水准尺刻划不准的误差 （D）视准轴与水准管轴不平行的误差
答案：D
30.当经纬仪的视准轴与横轴不垂直时，望远镜绕横轴旋转时，其视准轴的轨迹面正确的是（ ）
（A）水平面 （B）对顶圆锥面
（C）对称抛物线 （D）倾斜面
答案：B
31.视准测量的原理是利用水准仪提供的水平视线，在竖立于两点上的水准尺上读数，以测定（ ）
(A)待定点的绝对高程 （B）待定点的相对高程
（C）两点间的高差 （D）两点的高程
答案：C
32.当经纬仪对中、整平后，竖盘指标水准管气泡 ( )
(A)一定居中 （B）不居中 （C）不一定居中 （D）上述都不对#p#分页标题#e#
答案：C
33.用望远镜瞄准水准尺时，若有误差，其原因是（ ）
（A）观测者眼睛上下移动 （B）目标影像未与十字丝平面重合
（C）望远镜放大倍数不够 （D）大气折光影响
答案：B
34.在一个测站的水准测量成果为：后视A点读数a＝1.667m，前视B点读数b＝1.232m，则（ ）
（A）A点比B点高0.435m （B）A点比B点低0.435m
（C）A点比B点高2.899m （D）A点比B点低2.899m
答案：B
35.水准路线高差闭合差是将闭合差反号按与距离或测站数（ ）的原则进行分配
（A）成正比 （B）成反比 （C）平均分配 （D）随意分配
答案：A
36.在B点上安置经纬仪测水平角∠ABC，盘左时测得A点读数120°01′12″，测得C点读数28°15′48″，则上半测回角值为（ ）
（A）91°45′24″ （B）268°14′36″ （C）148°17′00″ （D）91°14′36″
答案：B
37.竖直角观测时，须将竖盘指标水准管气泡居中，其目的是（ ）
（A）使竖盘指标差为零 （B）使竖盘竖直
（C）使竖盘读数指标处于正确位置 （D）使横轴水平
答案：C
38.当经纬仪视线水平时，横轴不垂直于竖轴的误差对水平度盘读数的影响是（ ）
（A）最大 (B)最小 （C）为零 （D）不确定
答案：C
39.经纬仪观测水平角时，盘左、盘右观测可以消除（ ）影响
(A)竖盘指标差 （B）照准部水准管轴不垂直于竖轴
（C）视准轴不垂直于横轴 （D）水平度盘刻划误差
答案：C
40.某经纬仪整平后，将照准部旋转180°后，照准部视准管气泡偏离中心两倍，若要使竖轴垂直，须（ ）
（A）旋转脚螺旋，使照准部水准管气泡重新居中
（B）用校正针拨动照准部水准管校正螺丝，使气泡重新居中
（C）旋转脚螺旋使照准部水准管气泡向中央移动至只偏离一格
（D）用校正针拨动照准部水准管校正螺丝，使气泡向中央移动至只偏离一格
答案：C
41.某经纬仪盘左视线水平时的读数为90°，将望远镜抬高后知竖盘读数L在增大，则此经纬仪盘左竖直角公式为（ ）
（A）90°－L （B）L－90° （C）L (D)－L#p#分页标题#e#
答案：B
42.DJ6光学经纬仪读数可估读至（ ）
（A）2″ （B）3″ （C）5″ （D）6″
答案：D
43.一般情况下，经纬仪对中误差对测角的影响是边长愈长，影响（ ）
（A）越小 （B）越大 （C）不变 （D）不确定
答案：A
44.一般情况下，目标倾斜误差对测角的影响是边长愈长，影响（ ）
（A）越小 （B）越大 （C）不变 （D）不确定
答案：A
45.一条闭合水准路线共测了24站，各站高差总和为0.048m，其中BM3至BM4测了5站，高差为1.114m，调整后BM3至BM4的高差为（ ）m
（A）1.103m （B）1.104 （C）2.208 m （D）2.207m
答案：B
46.某测区内若有两个已知水准点，则一般采用（ ）水准路线
（A）闭合 （B）普通 （C）附合 （D）支
答案：C
47.某角度需要测回法观测三个测回，则第二测回置数（ ）度
（A）0 （B）60 （C）120 （D）90
答案：B
48. 水准测量中当后视转为前视观测时，读数时必须要重新（ ）
（A）精平 (B)粗平 （C）瞄准 （D）安置
答案：A
49.盘左时经纬仪的始读数为90°，当望远镜抬高时，读数为67°35 ′，竖直角为（ ）
(A)247°35′ (B)07°35′ (C)67°35′ (D)22°25′
答案：D
50.水准仪应满足的条件是（ ）
（A）圆水准器平行于竖轴 （B）横丝水平
（C）竖丝垂直 （D）水准管轴平行于水准轴
答案：D
51.为消减尺垫下沉误差，除踩实尺垫外，还要求（ ）
（A）往、返观测 （B）后、前距相等#p#分页标题#e#
（C）后－后－前－前观测 （D）后－前－前－后观测
答案：A
52.某光学经纬仪盘左竖盘始读数为90°，抬高望远镜竖盘读数增加，则天顶距计算公式为（ ）(X为指标差，L为竖盘读数)
（A）L+X (B)L－X
（C）180°－（L－X） （D）180°＋（L－X）
答案：C
53.下列哪个不是经纬仪整平的目的（ ）
（A）水平度盘水平 （B）竖盘垂直
（C）减少照准差 （D）竖轴垂直
答案：C
54.某测区内若有一个已知水准点，则可以采用（ ）水准路线
（A）闭合 （B）附合 （C）支 （D）闭合或支
答案：D
55.在水准测量时，当水准尺前倾，则中丝读数（ ）
（A）变大 （B）变小 （C）不变 （D）都有可能
答案：A
56.闭合导线角度闭合差公式为（ ）
（A）∑ß－（n＋2）•180° （B）∑ß－（n－2）•180°
（C）∑ß＋（n＋2）•180° （D）∑ß＋（n－2）•180°
答案：B
57.已知某经纬仪竖盘指标差为－2′12″，用它盘左观测AB方向线的竖盘读数为86°28′12″，则此竖盘的正确读数应为（ ）
（A）86°26′00″ （B）－86°26′00″
（C）86°30′24″ （D）－86°30′24″
答案：C
58.采用（ ）的观测方法可消除水准尺零点差对水准测量的影响
（A）设置奇数站 （B）设置偶数站
（C）往返 （D）后－前－前－后
答案：B
59.采用（ ）进行水准测量可削弱或消除水准尺下沉对测量的影响#p#分页标题#e#
（A）设置奇数站 （B）设置偶数站
（C）往返 （D）上述都不对
答案：C
60.某测站后视尺黑面的读数为1762mm，红面读数为6446mm，则此水准尺尺底红面的刻划值为（ ）
（A）4.768m （B）4.687m （C）4.787m （D）0m
答案：B
61.某测站上的前、后水准尺均倾斜了1.5°。此测站高差为2.000m，则此测站观测高差中因水准尺倾斜而产生的误差为（ ）
（A）0.7mm （B）0.8mm （C）0.9mm （D）2.0mm
答案：A
62.A点高程为50.000m，测得hAB=－1.401m，hBA＝1.408m，则B点高程为（ ）米
（A）48.569 (B)48.596 （C）－1.404 （D）1.404
答案：B
63.实地两点平距为50m，在1:1000比例尺上地形图上长度为（ ）
（A）0.05cm （B）0.5cm （C）5cm （D）50cm
答案：C
64.下列叙述中，哪个不符合等高线特性（ ）
（A）不同高程的等高线绝不会重合 （B）高程相等
（C）一般不相交 （D）自行闭合
答案：A
65.工程测量的主要任务是地形测图和（ ）
(A)变形观测 （B）施工放样 （C）科学研究 （D）工程量算测
答：B
66.水准测量要求视距不超过一定限差，主要消减的误差是（ ）
（A）球气差 （B）i角 （C）读数 （D）水准尺倾斜
答案：A
67.水平角观测时应瞄准目标的（ ）
（A）底部 （B）顶部 （C）中部 （D）任何部位
答案：A
68.当经纬仪望远镜竖盘读数等于始读数时，望远镜视线（ ）
（A）水平 （B）不水平 （C）可能水平或不水平（D）基本水平
答案：C
69.水平角观测时，大气折光影响而产生的角度误差是（ ）#p#分页标题#e#
（A）偶尔误差 （B）系统误差 （C）外界条件影响 （D）粗差
答案：B
70.某光学经纬仪，盘左时竖盘始读数为90°，抬高望远镜竖盘读数减少，则盘左竖直角计算公式是（ ）
（A）270°－L读 （B）L读－90° （C）90°－L读 （D）L读－180°
答案：C
72.水准测量的主要误差有精平误差和（ ）
（A）读数误差 （B）水准尺倾斜 （C）仪器下沉 （D）尺垫下沉
答案：B
72.水准测量要求后、前距差不超过一定限值，是为了消减大气折光和（ ）
（A）地球曲率 （B）i角误差 （C）读数 （D）水准尺倾斜
答案：B
73. “符合水准管气泡居中，视准轴就水平”，这句话（ ）
（A）正确 （B）不正确 （C）不一定正确 （D）错误
答案：C
74.用经纬仪瞄准同一竖直面内不同高度的两点，水平度盘读数（ ）
（A）不相同 （B）相同 （C）相差一个夹角 （D）相差2C
答案：B
75.用盘左盘右观测同一目标的竖直角，其角值不等，说明仪器存在（ ）
（A）照准差 （B）指标差 （C）十字丝横丝不水平（D）横轴倾斜
答案：B
76.关于水准面的叙述，错误的是（ ）
（A）水在静止时的表面 （B）任意点上铅垂线都垂直其该面
（C）有无数个 （D）规则的几何曲面
答案：D
77.关于大地水准面的叙述，正确的是（ ）
（A）地球自然表面 （B）球面
（C）无潮汐和风浪干扰的平均海水面 （D）椭球面
答案：C
78.用望远镜竖丝一端瞄准一点，使其在竖直面内转动，若该点渐渐离开竖丝，说明（ ）
（A）竖丝与横轴不垂直 （B）视准轴与横轴不垂直
（C）十字丝横丝与竖丝不垂直 （D）横轴倾斜
答案：A
79.水准测量中，下述误差那个是观测误差（ ）
（A）大气折光 （B）读数 （C）温度变化 （D）i角影响
答案：B
80.实地距离为500m，在图上为0.1m，则比例尺为（ ）#p#分页标题#e#
（A）1:500 （B）1:5000 (C)1:50000 (D)1:50
答案：B
81.中小型水电工程测量所采用坐标一般为（ ）
（A）1954年北京坐标系 （B）大地坐标
（C）平面直角坐标 （D）高斯平面直角坐标
答案：C
82.经纬仪两倍照准差产生的原因是（ ）
（A）横轴倾斜 （B）水准管误差
（C）瞄准误差 （D）视准轴不垂直横轴
答案：D
83.扳下经纬仪复测扳手，当照准部转动时，水平度盘的读数（ ）
（A）发生改变 （B）不变 （C）变大 （D）变小
答案：C
84.当视线水平时，竖盘读数指标线所指的读数不为始读数，其偏差值称为竖盘（ ）
（A）横轴倾斜误差 （B）照准差 （C）指标差 （D）视差
答案：C
85.采用经纬仪盘左盘右延长直线，取其平均点位，主要为消减仪器（ ）
（A）横轴倾斜误差 （B）照准差 （C）指标差 （D）视差
答案：B
86.下列叙述中，那个违背施工放样的原则（ ）
（A）从整体到局部 （B）要求各部位的放样精度一致
（C）确定的精度 （D）要有周密的计划
答案：B
87.水准测量时，为消减大气折光影响，应使（ ）
（A）后、前距大致相等 （B）视距限值
（C）视距离地足够高度 （D）正确读数
答案：C
88.欲要求在图上反映出地面上0.1m的变化量，则应选用不小于如下比例尺进行测量，正确的是（ ）
（A）1:500 (B)1:1000 (C)1:2000 (D)1:5000
答案：B
89.下述有关望远镜视准轴的定义，哪个是正确的（ ）
（A）物镜光心与十字丝交点连线 （B）物镜、目镜光心连线#p#分页标题#e#
（C）目镜光心与十字丝交点连线 （D）与水准管轴平行的直线
答案：A
90.消除视差的方法是（ ）
（A）调节目镜 （B）调节物镜
（C）调节目、物镜 （D）清洗目、物镜
答案：C
91.小范围测量工作的基准面用（ ）
（A）水准面 （B）大地水准面
（C）水平面 （D）球面
答案：C
92.水准仪符合水准管两半气泡影像吻合的目的是（ ）
（A）视准轴水平 （B）视准管轴水平
（C）竖轴垂直 （D）圆视准器轴垂直
答案：A
93.水平角是测站到两目标方向线的（ ）
（A）夹角 （B）在水平面上投影所成角度
（C）垂直投影在水平面上所成的角 （D）空间平面角
答案：C
94.水平角观测时各测回起始读数应按180°/n递增的目的是（ ）
（A）便于计算 （B）消减度盘偏心差
（C）减少读数系统差 （D）消减度盘刻划误差
答案：D
95.水准尺前倾或后倾，对中丝读数产生的误差是（ ）
（A）粗差 （B）偶尔误差
（C）系统误差 （D）偶尔或系统误差
答案：A
96.在相同观测条件下，对某量进行多次观测，其算术平均值就是（ ）
(A)最或是值 （B）最可靠值
（C）真值 （D）接近真值#p#分页标题#e#
答案：A
97.用经纬仪瞄准同一条铅垂线上不同的高度的两点，水平度盘上的读数是（ ）
（A）相同 （B）不相同
（C）相差一个夹角 （D）相差两倍照准差
答案：A
98.下列哪个部件不属于经纬仪的照准部（ ）
（A）竖盘 （B）支架 （C）望远镜 （D）水平度盘
答案：D
99.水准测量中，下列不属于观测误差的是（ ）
（A）精平 （B）读数 （C）i角 （D）照准
答案：C
100.下述哪个不符合变形观测的要求（ ）
（A）周期观测 （B）相同的观测方法
（C）固定的观测人员 （D）更换新仪器观测
答案：D
工程测量考试,测量考试试题,工程测量试题 GIS考研 admin 未知 2010-09-18 14:53 MO/VB GIS二次开发入门
http://www.gispark.com/html/develop/others/2010/0918/3095.html
本章重点： 1）MO 是什么？ 2）MO 支持哪几种数据类型 3）如何在VB中建立MO的开发环境 4）怎样在VB中使用MO 1．MapObjects包括一个ActiveX 控件 (OCX)也就是 Map控件，还包括45个 ActiveX Automation 对象。 2．MO功能：1）显示一张多图层地图(道路，河流，边界)。 2） 本章重点：
1）MO 是什么？
2）MO 支持哪几种数据类型
3）如何在VB中建立MO的开发环境
4）怎样在VB中使用MO
1．MapObjects包括一个ActiveX 控件 (OCX)也就是 Map控件，还包括45个 ActiveX Automation 对象。
2．MO功能：1）显示一张多图层地图(道路，河流，边界)。
2）放大，缩小，漫游。
3）生成图形组件，如点，线，圆，多边形。
4）添加注释
5）识别地图上被选中的要素（点，线，面）。
6）通过线，方框，区域，多边形，圆来选择要素。
7）拾取距某参照物特定范围内的要素。
8）通过SQL描述来选择要素。
9）对选择的要素进行基本统计。
10）查询与更新被选择的要素的属性数据
11）绘制专题图。
12）根据字段的值标注图层要素。
13）从航片或卫星图片上截取图像。
14）动态显示实时或时间系列数据。
3．MapObjects支持Shape 文件、图像文件、数据表或通过ESRI的专用数据库引擎连接的专用数据表。
4．Shape文件是ESRI提供的存储地理数据的矢量格式。这就意味着地图组件以X，Y形式出现。其坐标系是笛卡尔坐标。注意，笛卡尔坐标与屏幕坐标有所不同。每一组件的几何形状以包括一组矢量坐标的形的形式存储。其属性存放在与Shape文件相连的dBASE的记录中。
5．一个Shape文件由三种文件组成，
1）．主文件(*.shp)包含几何形状。
2）．索引文件(*.shx)包含数据的索引。
3）．数据库文件(*.dbf)包含形的属性,你可以修改字段的定义。
6．图像文件：1）可以通过MapObjects编写应用程序来显示多种图像文件。在地图中图像多来自航空照片和卫星图像。
2）图像文件依靠带有灰度值或色标的一组像元来表示各种信息，这些像元无属性连接，其坐标系统与Shape 文件不同。
3）在ArcView、ArcGIS中，通过对图像文件进行地理配准，可以使图像数据精确地与具有大地坐标的Shape数据集成在一起。MapObjects (或其它 ESRI 软件)用World文件来配准图像
x' = Ax + By + C
y' = Dx + Ey + F
x' 像元在地图上的计算坐标值X。
y' 像元在地图上的计算坐标值 Y。
x 像元列数。
y 像元行数。
A X轴上像元的尺寸。
B,D 旋转关系项。
E 负的Y轴上像元的尺寸。
C,F 左上角像元中心的X Y地图坐标。
注意 E为"负"值，因为，Shape文件坐标与图像坐标Y方向正向反。world文件是包含A，B，C，D，E，F值的连续行文本文件。 MapObjects不支持图像旋转。这样 B，D的值在 world 文件中是被忽略的。为果需要旋
转，你可用 ESRI的ARC GRID。
7．如何建立开发环境？
1）系统要求：硬件： Intel Pentuim 计算机 128M 以上内存
软件： Windows 2000/XP ; Visual Basic 6和 ESRI MapObjects 控件
2）安装 Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0中文版
STEP 1：运行VB安装光盘上的的Setup.exe 程序，按提示进行安装。（安装过程中需要系列号的地方可输入任意数字例如：111-1111111直到“下一步”按钮变成可用状态）
STEP 2：安装完成后，在光盘目录VB6_SP5中找到SetupSP5.exe，将VB6 升级到最新版本。
3）安装MO STEP：在光盘中有三个文件；依次运行
• Mo23Eval_Only.exe：安装MO
• Mo23Samples.exe ：安装例子
• Mo23Data.exe：安装例子所需要数据
8. 开始使用MO
1) 认识VB 6的集成开发环境：设置VB选项，明确变量类型——在准备开始一个工程时，应该在确保VB的工程中使用到的变量的类型都是明确声明的，这样可以减少发生错误的可能性，这是一个很好的编程习惯。从Tools 单中选Options项，在Options对话框中点中“要求变量声明”，在任何一个新表或模块中都会具有这个设置。也可以通过在代码的第一行输入语句 Option Explicit 达到相同的效果。#p#分页标题#e#
2）在VB 6中加载 MapObjects控件
STEP1: 启动Visual Basic 6 ,在开始出现的向导中选择新建工程(标准 EXE) . 确定
STEP2: 在工具栏上点右键 (工具栏位于VB窗口的左边),在出现的右键菜单中点击”部件”命令.
3）如何获取帮助？下面有三种办法可得到帮助：
A. 你可点工具栏中地图控件并按F1。
B. 可通过VB的对象浏览器与MapObjects的帮助建立联系。
C. 可把VB编辑窗口的文本游标移到MapObjects的某一对象，属性或事件上按F1。
4) 添加地图控件及数据
A. Map.控件用来显示地图 将地图控件放置到窗体上
1). 双击工具箱上的地图控件按钮来将新地图增加到窗体中
2). 调整地图控件的尺寸使其充满窗体
B. 选择将要显示在地图上的数据
你可以通过地图控件的属性页上的属性设置功能，指定将被显示在地图上的数据.
1).在地图控件上方点击右键，出现右键菜单.
2).在出现的右键菜单中选择“Properties…”命令，以显示地图控件的属性页.
3).点击“Add”按钮并且定位包含示范数据的文件夹d:\Data\China400。
4).点击文件 rai_4m.shp然后点击“打开”按钮.
5).以同样的的方式添加文件 bou2_4p.shp
6).在该属性页上,选中bou2_4p的图层,下移使之处在rai_4m的下方
C. 设置各图层的属性
1. 点击图层列表框中的bou2_4p图层，然后点击“属性”.
2. 点击“颜色”按钮以选择图层bou2_4p的颜色.
3. 点击“确认”按钮关闭对话框.
D. 保存工程
1. 点击菜单“文件”->>点“保存”命令以保存工程.
2. 选择所要保存的文件夹,然后在文件名称输入框内输入“ StarterMap.frm.”
3. 点击保存
4. 在第二个保存对话中，在文件名输入框中输入“StarterMap.vbp”
5. 点击保存
E. 运行工程
1.在工具栏上点击运行按钮|>测试你的程序
2.如果要停止程序运行在VB工具栏上点击停止按钮
9. 课后练习
STEP1：添加地图控件，通过设置地图控件的属性添加数据
STEP 2: 在窗体上增加一个按钮,双击这个按钮,在代码窗口中输入以下代码
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Set Map1.Extent = Map1.FullExtent
End Sub
STEP 3: 双击地图控件为他的事件 MouseDown 增加以下代码
Private Sub Map1_MouseDown(Button As Integer, Shift As Integer, X As Single, Y As Single)
If Button = vbLeftButton Then
Set Map1.Extent = Map1.TrackRectangle
End If
End Sub
进一步操作PopUp Menu(右键菜单)
使用菜单编辑器生成一个右键菜单Popup1，为Popup1建立以下几个子菜单项“显示全图”“放大”“缩小”编写代码实现“显示全图”的功能
Private Sub pop1Full_Click()
Map1.Extent = Map1.FullExtent
End Sub
修改Mouse事件中的代码，显示右键菜单
Private Sub Map1_MouseDown(Button As Integer, Shift As Integer, X As Single, Y As Single)
• If Button = vbLeftButton Then
• Set Map1.Extent = Map1.TrackRectangle
• Else: Button = vbRightButton
• PopupMenu pop1
• End If
End Sub
进一步操作：工具栏ToolBar#p#分页标题#e#
在窗体上放置ImageList控件
设置ImageList1的属性，增加图片 ZoomIn.bmp;ZoomOut.bmp;Pan.bmp;Globe.bmp(这些文件在光盘目录BitMaps下)
在窗体上放置ToolBar控件
设置ToolBar1的属性，将ToolBar1的图像列表设置为ImageList1;增加按钮ZoomIn,ZoomOut,Pan,设置样式为2-tbrButtonGroup，并设置相应的显示图片；增加第4个按钮设置样式为4-tbrPlaceholder;增加第5个按钮btnFullExtent设置图片为Globe.bmp
VB控件库 Microsoft Windows Common Controls 6.0 中包含ToolBar 和ImageList MO,VB,GIS二次开发 其它 admin 未知 2010-09-18 14:49 GIS二次开发方法模式概述
http://www.gispark.com/html/develop/others/2010/0918/3094.html
GIS二次开发方法模式概述 1）GIS的三种开发模式 2）基本概念：类与对象，控件对象的属性、方法、事件 3）什么是组件式GIS，其功能及特点 4）你所了解的组件GIS产品有哪些 1．GIS平台软件提供全部的地理信息系统处理功能，完成数据处理、空间分析、信息查询、专题地图等 GIS二次开发方法模式概述
1）GIS的三种开发模式
2）基本概念：类与对象，控件对象的属性、方法、事件
3）什么是组件式GIS，其功能及特点
4）你所了解的组件GIS产品有哪些
1．GIS平台软件—提供全部的地理信息系统处理功能，完成数据处理、空间分析、信息查询、专题地图等功能 如：ArcGIS, MapInfo Professional, MAPGIS
2．GIS应用软件——针对不同的应用领域和行业，综合电子地图和信息管理系统的特点 如：昆明市110警务处理系统，XX市综合管线地理信息系统，XX公司物流配送系统
3．三种GIS开发模式：独立开发模式、宿主开发模式、GIS组件开发模式
3.1独立开发模式 不依赖于任何GIS工具软件，从空间数据的采集、编辑到数据的处理分析及结果输出，所有的算法都由开发者独立设计，然后选用某种程序设计语言，如Visual C++、Delphi、等，在一定的操作系统平台上编程实现。
特点：开发周期长，软件功能相对简单，对开发者要求高，用于购买软件的费用相对节省
3.2 宿主开发模式 （1）基于GIS平台软件，进行应用系统开发
（2）多数GIS平台软件都提供了可供用户进行二次开发的脚本语言，用户以原GIS软件为开发平台，利用这些脚本语言，开发出自己的针对不同应用领域的应用程序。
（3）如ArcView中的Avenue语言，MapInfo Professional的MapBasic语言开发较容易;
(4)特点： 二次开发的脚本语言，功能较弱;所开发的系统不能脱离GIS平台;是解释执行的，运行效率低;用户界面受平台软件的限制
3.3 GIS组件开发模式 建立在组件技术基础上的GIS功能组件，实现了地理信息系统的各种功能，这些组件都具备GIS的基本功能。开发人员可以基于通用软件开发工具，尤其是可视化开发工具，如：Delphi、Visual C++、Visual Basic、Power Builder等为开发平台，进行二次开发，实现GIS功能。
特点：大多数GIS软件产商都提供商业化的GIS组件。如ESRI 公司的MapObjects、MapInfo公司的MapX
4．GIS开发模式的选择
（1）独立开发难度太大
（2）宿主型二次开发受GIS平台所提供的脚本语言的限制
（3）GIS组件开发模式结合了GIS平台软件与可视化开发平台的组件开发模式的优点。利用GIS组件实现对空间数据库的管理、分析功能，又可以利用其它可视化开发平台提供的丰富的、功能强大的编程组件和环境，不仅能大大提高应用系统的开发效率，而且使用可视化软件开发工具开发出来的应用程序具有更好的用户界面，更强大的数据库功能。可靠性好、易于移植、便于维护，学习周期较短，容易上手。成为GIS应用开发的主要方向。
5．软件开发模式的演变和发展
（1 ，0） →机器语言→汇编语言→结构化程序设计→面向对象程序设计（oop）
6．OOP的基本概念：（1）对象是运行期的基本实体
（2） 封装——把数据和函数包装在一个单独的单元（称为类）的行为称为封装
(3) 继承是可以让某个类型的对象获得另一个类型的对象的属性的方法。
(4) 多态是OOP的另一个重要概念。多态的意思是事物具有不同形式的能力
7．OOP的优点：
• 通过继承，我们可以大幅减少多余的代码，并扩展现有代码的用途；
• 我们可以在标准的模块上（这里所谓的“标准”指程序员之间彼此达成的协议）构建我们的程序，而不必一切从头开始。这可以减少软件开发时间并提高生产效率；
• 数据隐藏的概念帮助程序员保护程序免受外部代码的侵袭；
• 允许一个对象的多个实例同时存在，而且彼此之间不会相互干扰；#p#分页标题#e#
• 允许将问题空间中的对象直接映射到程序中；
• 基于对象的工程可以很容易的分割为独立的部分；
• 以数据为中心的设计方法允许我们抓住可实现模型的更多细节；
• 面向对象的系统很容易从小到大逐步升级；
• 对象间通讯所使用的消息传递技术与外部系统接口部分的描述更简单；
• 更便于控制软件复杂度。
8．组件式GIS
1） COM是组件式对象模型(Component Object Model)的英文缩写，是组件之间相互接口的规范，是OLE(Object Linking & Embedding)和ActiveX共同的基础，其作用是使各种软件构件和应用软件能够用一种统一的标准方式进行交互。
2) COM不是一种面向对象的语言，而是一种与源代码无关的二进制标准。COM所建立的是一个软件模块与另一个软件模块之间的链接，当这种链接建立之后，模块之间就可以通过称之为“接口”的机制来进行通信。
3） COM本质上是客户/服务器模式。客户（通常是应用程序）请求创建COM对象并通过COM对象的接口操纵COM对象。服务器根据客户的请求创建并管理COM对象。客户和服务器这两种角色是相对的。
9．基于分布式环境下的COM被称作DCOM(Distribute COM，分布式组件对象模型。DCOM是ActiveX的基础，它实现了COM对象与远程计算机上的另一个对象之间直接进行交互。
10．ActiveX是Microsoft提出的一组基于COM（Component Object Model，组件对象模型）规范使得软件组件在网络环境中进行交互的技术集。它与具体的编程语言无关。
1） 作为针对Internet应用开发的技术，ActiveX被广泛应用于WEB服务器以及客户端的各个方面。同时，ActiveX技术也被 用于方便地创建普通的桌面应用程序
2） ActiveX内容：
a. ActiveX控件（ActiveX Control）：用于向WEB页面、Microsoft Word等支持ActiveX 技术的容器（Container）中插入COM对象；
b. ActiveX文档（ActiveX Document）：用于在Web Browser或者其它支持ActiveX的容器中浏览复合文档（非HTML文档），例如Microsoft Word文档、Microsoft Excel文档或者用户自定义的文档等
c. ActiveX脚本－（ActiveX Scripting）：用于从客户端或者服务器端操纵ActiveX控件和Java程序、传递数据以及协调它们之间的操作等；
d. ActiveX服务器框架（ActiveX Server Framework）：提供了一系列针对Web服务器应用程序设计各个方面的函数及其封装类，诸如服务器过滤器、HTML数据流控制等
11. ActiveX控件：
1）桌面用的、基于COM的组件叫做ActiveX控件。所谓ActiveX控件不过是遵从一定的标准、与客户端交互的COM对象而已
2）是建立在COM标准上的独立的软件元件，提供给用户应用接口，发送相应的事件，开发者则可以截取这些事件，执行相应的功能。
3）ActiveX控件开发端和使用端是完全独立的，可以用Delphi、VB等各种语言来开发，又可以用于不同语言、不同开发平台、不同的系统环境中。
4）一个或多个ActiveX控件会保存在一个动态链接库中，但它是一种特殊的动态链接库，其扩展名是OCX。
12．ActiveX 控件的组成——PME模型
一个 ActiveX 控件由它的一些成员组成：属性，方法以及事件 (Property 属性 Method方法 Event事件)
P：属性是用来描述和反映对象特征的参数，用来保存对象的数据
M：方法是控件内部可调用的用以完成特定操作的过程或函数
E：事件是VB预先定义的对象能识别的动作。
13. ActiveX与ActiveX控件的区别: ActiveX不等同于ActiveX构件，从上面的介绍可知，ActiveX是一个很宽的技术家族的标识，而ActiveX构件只是那个家族的一个特定产品。#p#分页标题#e#
14. 组件式 GIS ——基本思想是把GIS的各大功能模块划分为几个控件，每个控件完成不同的功能。各个GIS控件之间，以及GIS控件与其它非GIS控件之间，可以方便地通过可视化的软件开发工具集成起来，形成最终的GIS应用。
2）控件如同一堆各式各样的积木，他们分别实现不同的功能(包括GIS和非GIS功能)，根据需要把实现各种功能的“积木”搭建起来，就构成应用系统
15. 组件式GIS系统的特点
（1）小巧灵活、价格便宜
（2）无须专门GIS开发语言，直接嵌入MIS开发工具
（3）、强大的GIS功能
（4）、开发简捷
（5）、更加大众化
16．组件式GIS开发平台的结构——基础组件、高级通用组件、行业性组件
17．GIS组件的功能——空间数据获取、坐标转换、图形编辑、数据存储、数据查询、数据分析、制图表示
18．GIS组件产品——GIS组件的代表作应首推MapObjects以及MapX。其中MapObjects由全球最大的GIS厂商ESRI(美国环境系统研究所)推出；MapX由著名的桌面GIS厂商美国MapInfo公司推出。另外还有加拿大阿波罗科技集团的TITAN等。 gis二次开发平台,gis二次开发方法 其它 admin 未知 2010-09-18 14:46 地理信息系统（GIS）基本概念扫盲
http://www.gispark.com/html/jichu/2010/0917/3093.html
栅格栅格结构是最简单最直接的空间数据结构，是指将地球表面划分为大小均匀紧密相邻的网格阵列，每个网格作为一个象元或象素由行、列定义，并包含一个代码表示该象素的属性类型或量值，或仅仅包括指向其属性记录的指针。因此，栅格结构是以规则的阵列来表示空间地物或 栅格——栅格结构是最简单最直接的空间数据结构，是指将地球表面划分为大小均匀紧密相邻的网格阵列，每个网格作为一个象元或象素由行、列定义，并包含一个代码表示该象素的属性类型或量值，或仅仅包括指向其属性记录的指针。因此，栅格结构是以规则的阵列来表示空间地物或现象分布的数据组织，组织中的每个数据表示地物或现象的非几何属性特征。特点：属性明显，定位隐含，即数据直接记录属性本身，而所在的位置则根据行列号转换为相应的坐标，即定位是根据数据在数据集中的位置得到的，在栅格结构中，点用一个栅格单元表示；线状地物用沿线走向的一组相邻栅格单元表示，每个栅格单元最多只有两个相邻单元在线上；面或区域用记有区域属性的相邻栅格单元的集合表示，每个栅格单元可有多于两个的相邻单元同属一个区域。
矢量——它假定地理空间是连续，通过记录坐标的方式尽可能精确地表示点、线、多边形等地理实体，坐标空间设为连续，允许任意位置、长度和面积的精确定义。对于点实体，矢量结构中只记录其在特定坐标系下的坐标和属性代码；对于线实体，用一系列坐标对的连线表示；多边形是指边界完全闭合的空间区域，用一系列坐标对的连线表示。
“拓扑”（topology）一词来源于希腊文，它的原意是“形状的研究”。拓扑学是几何学的一个分支，它研究在拓扑变换下能够保持不变的几何属性——拓扑属性（拓扑属性：一个点在一个弧段的端点，一个点在一个区域的边界上；非拓扑属性：两点之间的距离，弧段的长度，区域的周长、面积）。这种结构应包括：唯一标识，多边形标识，外包多边形指针，邻接多边形指针，边界链接，范围（最大和最小x、y坐标值）。地理空间研究中三个重要的拓扑概念（1）连接性：弧段在结点处的相互联接关系；（2）多边形区域定义：多个弧段首尾相连构成了多边形的内部区域；（3）邻接性：通过定义弧段的左右边及其方向性来判断弧段左右多边形的邻接性。
矢量的实体错误——伪节点：即需要假节点进行识别的节点，发生在线和自身相连接的地方（如岛状伪结点——显示存在一个岛状多边形，这个多边形处于另一个更大的多边形内部），或发生在两条线沿着平行路径而不是交叉路径相交的地方（节点——表示线与线间连接的特殊点）。摇摆结点：有时称为摇摆，来源于3种可能的错误类型：闭合失败的多边形；欠头线，即结点延伸程度不够，未与应当连接的目标相连；过头线，结点的线超出想与之连接的实体。碎多边形：起因于沿共同边界线进行的不良数字化过程，在边界线位置，线一定是不只一次地被数字化。高度不规则的国家边境线，例如中美洲，特别容易出现这样的数字变形。标注错误：丢失标注和重复标注。异常多边形：具有丢失节点的多边形。丢失的弧。
空间分析方法——1、空间信息的测量：线与多边形的测量、距离测量、形状测量；2、空间信息分类：范围分级分类、邻域功能、漫游窗口、缓冲区；3、叠加分析：多边形叠加、点与多边形、线与多边形；4、网络分析：路径分析、地址匹配、资源匹配； 5、空间统计分析：插值、趋势分析、结构分析；6、表面分析：坡度分析、坡向分析、可见度和相互可见度分析。
地理信息系统（geographic information system ，即GIS）——一门集计算机科学、信息学、地理学等多门科学为一体的新兴学科，它是在计算机软件和硬件支持下，运用系统工程和信息科学的理论，科学管理和综合分析具有空间内涵的地理数据，以提供对规划、管理、决策和研究所需信息的空间信息系统。
地理数据测量标准——命名（对数据命名，允许我们对把对象叫什么做出声明，但不允许对两个命名的对象进行直接比较）、序数（提供对空间对象进行逻辑对比的结果，但这种对比仅限于所谈论问题的范围内）、间隔（可以对待测项逐个赋值，能够更为精确地估计对比物的不同点）、比率（用途最广的测量数据标准，它是允许直接比较空间变量的惟一标准）。#p#分页标题#e#
根据样本进行推理的取样原则——未取样位置的数据可以从已取样位置的数据中推测出来；区域边界内的数据可以合并计算；一组空间单元中的数据能够转换成具有不同空间配置的另外一组空间单元数据。常用的方法：内插法：当有数值边界或知道缺失部分两端数值；外推法：当缺失的数据一侧有数值，而另一侧每一数值。
LBS 位置服务（LBS，Location Based Services）——又称定位服务，是指通过移动终端和移动网络的配合，确定移动用户的实际地理位置，从而提供用户所需要的与位置相关的服务信息，是利用用户位置信息进行增值服务的一种移动通信与导航融合的服务形式。
GPS 全球定位系统（Global Positioning System）——是利用人造卫星进行点位测量导航技术的一种，由美国军方组织研制建立，从1973年开始实施，到90年代初完成
XML（可扩展标识语言）——是通用标识语言标准（SGML)的一个子集，它是描述网络上的数据内容和结构的标准。
比较gis与cad、cac间的异同。cad——计算机辅助设计，规则图形的生成、编辑与显示系统，与外部描述数据无关。 cac——计算机辅助制图，适合地图制图的专用软件，缺乏空间分析能力。 gis——地理信息系统，集规则图形与地图制图于一身，且有较强的空间分析能力。
图层：将空间信息按其几何特征及属性划分成的专题。
地理数据采集——实地调查、采样；传统的测量方法，如三角测量法、三边测量法；全球定位系统（gps）；现代遥感技术；生物遥测学；数字摄影技术；人口普查。
信息范例——传统的制图方法，称为信息范例，即假定地图本身是一个最终产品，通过使用符号、分类限制的选择等方式交换空间信息的模式。这个范例是传统的透视图方法，由于原始而受到很多限制，地图用户不能轻易获得预分类数据。也就是说，用户只限于处理最终产品，而无法将数据重组为更有效的形式以适应环境或需求的变化。
分析范例（整体范例）——存储保存原始数据的属性数据，可根据用户的需求进行数据的显示、重组和分类。整体范例是一种真正的用于制图学和地理学的整体方法。
欧拉数——最通常的空间完整性，即空洞区域内空洞数量的度量，测量法称为欧拉函数，它只用一个单一的数描述这些函数，称为欧拉数。数量上，欧拉数=（空洞数）-（碎片数-1），这里空洞数是外部多边形自身包含的多边形空洞数量，碎片数是碎片区域内多边形的数量。有时欧拉数是不确定的。
函数距离——描述两点间距离的一种函数关系，如时间、摩擦、消耗等，将这些用于距离测量的方法集中起来，称为函数距离。
曼哈顿距离——两点在南北方向上的距离加上在东西方向上的距离，即d（i，j）=|xi-xj|+|yi-yj|。对于一个具有正南正北、正东正西方向规则布局的城镇街道，从一点到达另一点的距离正是在南北方向上旅行的距离加上在东西方向上旅行的距离因此曼哈顿距离又称为出租车距离，曼哈顿距离不是距离不变量，当坐标轴变动时，点间的距离就会不同。
邻域功能——所谓邻域是指具有统一属性的实体区域或者焦点集中在整个地区的较小部分实体空间。邻域功能就是在特定的实体空间中发现其属性的一致性。它包括直接邻域和扩展邻域。
缓冲区分析——是指根据数据库的点、线、面实体基础，自动建立其周围一定宽度范围内的缓冲区多边形实体，从而实现空间数据在水平方向得以扩展的空间分析方法。缓冲区在某种程度上受控于目前存在的摩擦表面、地形、障碍物等，也就是说，尽管缓冲区建立在位置的基础上，但是还有其他实质性的成分。确定缓冲区距离的四种基本方法：随机缓冲区、成因缓冲区、可测量缓冲区、合法授权缓冲区。#p#分页标题#e#
统计表面——表面是含有z值的形貌，z值又称为高度值，它的位置被一系列x和y坐标对定义且在区域范围内分布。z值也常被认为是高程值，但是不必局限于这一种度量。实际上，在可定义的区域内出现的任意可测量的数值（例如，序数、间隔和比率数据）都可以认为组成了表面。一般使用的术语是统计表面，因为在考虑的范围内z值构成了许多要素的统计学的表述（robinson et al., 1995）。
dem——数字高程模型（digital elevation model）。地形模型不仅包含高程属性，还包含其它的地表形态属性，如坡度、坡向等。dem通常用地表规则网格单元构成的高程矩阵表示，广义的dem还包括等高线、三角网等所有表达地面高程的数字表示。在地理信息系统中，dem是建立数字地形模型（digital terrain model）的基础数据，其它的地形要素可由dem直接或间接导出，称为“派生数据”，如坡度、坡向。
空间插值——空间插值常用于将离散点的测量数据转换为连续的数据曲面，以便与其它空间现象的分布模式进行比较，它包括了空间内插和外推两种算法。空间内插算法：通过已知点的数据推求同一区域未知点数据。空间外推算法：通过已知区域的数据，推求其它区域数据。20、泰森多边形——通过数学方法定义、平分点间的空间并以直线相连结，在点状物体间生成多边形的方法。
线密度——用所有区域内的线的总长度除以区域的面积。
连通性——连通性是衡量网络复杂性的量度，常用γ指数和α指数计算它。其中，γ指数等于给定空间网络体节点连线数与可能存在的所有连线数之比；α指数用于衡量环路，节点被交替路径连接的程度称为α指数,等于当前存在的环路数与可能存在的最大环路数之比。
图形叠加——将一个被选主题的图形所表示的专题信息放在另一个被选主题的图形所表示的专题信息之上。
栅格自动叠加——基于网格单元的多边形叠加是一个简单的过程，因为区域是由网格单元组成的不规则的块，它共享相同的一套数值和相关的标注。毫无疑问，网格单元为基础的多边形叠加缺乏空间准确性，因为网格单元很大，但是类似于简单的点与多边形和线与多边形叠加的相同部分，由于它的简单性，因此可以获得较高的灵活程度和处理速度。
拓扑矢量叠加——如何决定实体间功能上的关系，如定义由特殊线相连的左右多边形，定义线段间的关系去检查交通流量，或依据个别实体或相关属性搜索已选择实体。它也为叠加多个多边形图层建立了一种方法，从而确保连结着每个实体的属性能够被考虑，并且因此使多个属性相结合的合成多边形能够被支持。这种拓扑结果称作最小公共地理单元(lcgu)。
矢量多边形叠加——点与多边形和线与多边形叠加使用的主要问题是，线并不总是出现在整个区域内。解决该问题的最强有力的办法是让软件测定每组线的交叉点，这就是所谓的结点。进行矢量多边形的叠加，其任务是基本相同的，除了必须计算重叠交叉点外，还要定义与之相联系的多边形线的属性。
布尔叠加——一种以布尔代数为基础的叠加操作。
制图建模——用以指明应用命令组合来回答有关空间现象问题的处理。制图模型是针对原始数据也包括导出数据和中间地图数据进行一系列交互有序的地图操作来模拟空间决策的处理。
地理模型的类型——类似统计同类的描述性模型和与推理统计技术相关的规则性模型。
常见模型——1、注重样式与处理的问题长时间以来用于解释类似农业活动与运输成本间的关系——独立状态模型。2、最初为预测工业位置点的空间分布的样式而设计的weber模型，进行改进后可使参与者寻找最佳商业和服务位置——位置-分配模型。3、建立在吸引力与到潜在市场的距离呈反比这一基础上的经济地理模型——重力模型。4、通过空间验证思想如今广泛用于生态群落，通过地理空间跟踪动植物运动——改进扩散模型。#p#分页标题#e#
专题地图——以表现某单一属性的位置或若干选定属性之间关系为主要目的的地图。专题图形设计的一般程序包括合适的符号和图形对象的选择、生成和放置，以明确突出研究主题的重要属性和空间关系，同时还要考虑参考系统。gis专题地图输出的规则：不但要有精美的图形，最重要的是去读图、分析地图和理解地图。
元数据——关于数据的数据，对数据库内容的全面描述,其目的是促进数据集的高效利用和充分共享。使用元数据的理由：性能上，完整性、可扩展性、特殊性、安全性；功能上，差错功能、浏览功能、程序生成。
聚合——将单个数据元素进行分类的大量数字处理过程。
克立金法——依靠地球自然表面随距离的变化概率而确定高程的一种精确内插方法。
四叉树——一种压缩数据结构，它把地理空间定量划分为可变大小的网格，每个网格具有相同性质的属性。
比较工具型地理信息系统和应用型地理信息系统的异同。
工具型地理信息系统：是一种通用型gis，具有一般的功能和特点，向用户提供一个统一的操作平台。一般没有地理空间实体，而是由用户自己定义。具有很好的二次开发功能。如：arcinfo、genamap、mapinfo、mapgis、geostar。
应用型地理信息系统：在较成熟的工具型gis软件基础上，根据用户的需求和应用目的而设计的用于解决一类或多类实际问题的地理信息系统，它具有地理空间实体和解决特殊地理空间分布的模型。如lis、cgis、ugis。
详细描述应用型地理信息系统的开发过程
系统总体设计：需求和可行性分析、数据模型设计、数据库设计、方法设计
系统软件设计：开发语言、用户界面、流程、交互
程序代码编写：投影、数据库、输入、编辑
系统的调试与运行：α调试、β调试
系统的评价与维护：功能评价、费用评价、效益评价
空间信息系统——以多媒体技术为依托，以空间数据为基础，以虚拟现实为手段的集空间数据的输入、编辑、存储、分析和显示于一体的巨系统，体由若干个子系统组成。
OGC（OpenGIS协会，OpenGIS Consortium)是一个非赢利性组织，目的是促进采用新的技术和商业方式来提高地理信息的互操作(Interoperablity)，OGC会员主要包括GIS相关的计算机硬件和软件制造商，数据生产商以及一些高等院校，政府部门等，其技术委员会负责具体标准的制定工作。
SIG 空间信息栅格（spatial information grid,SIG）是一种汇集和共享地理上分布的海量空间信息资源，对其进行一体化组织与协同处理，从而具有按需服务能力的空间信息基础设施。（吴信才）
4D产品 ——指数字线化图（DLG）、数字高程模型（DEM）、数字正射影像图（DOM）、数字栅格图（DRG）。（2005）
数字高程模型（Digital Elevation Model 简称DEM）——是在高斯投影平面上规则格网点平面坐标（x,y）及其高程（z）的数据集。DEM的水平间隔可随地貌类型不同而改变。根据不同的高程精度，可分为不同等级产品。
数字正射影像图（Digital Orthophoto Map简称DOM）——是利用数字高程模型对扫描处理的数字化的航空相片/遥感相片（单色/彩色），经逐象元进行纠正，再按影像镶嵌，根据图幅范围剪裁生成的影像数据。一般带有公里格网、图廓内/外整饰和注记的平面图。
数字线划地图（Digital Line Graphic简称DLG）——是现有地形图上基础地理要素的矢量数据集，且保存要素间空间关系和相关的属性信息。
数字栅格地图（Digital Raster Graphic简称DRG）——是纸质地形图的数字化产品。每幅图经扫描、纠正、图幅处理及数据压缩处理后，形成在内容、几何精度和色彩上与地形图保持一致的栅格文件。#p#分页标题#e#
正射影像——是指将中心投影的像片，经过纠正处理，在一定程度上限制了因地形起伏引起的投影误差和传感器等误差产生的像点位移的影像。
WebGIS ——Internet和WWW技术应用于GIS开发的产物，是实现GIS互操作的一条最佳解决途径。从Intemet的任意节点，用户都可以浏览WebGIS站点中的空间数据、制作专题图、进行各种空间信息检索和空间分析。是在INTERNET信息发布、数据共享、交流协作基础之上实现GIS的在线查询和业务处理等功能。
OpenGIS ——即开放式地理信息系统(Open Geodata Interoperation Specification，开放的地理数据互操作规范)，是指在计算机和通信环境下，根据行业标准和接口（Interface)所建立起来的地理信息系统，是为了使不同的地理信息系统软件之间具有良好的互操作性，以及在异构分布数据库中实现信息共享的途径。（陈述彭）
仿射变换 ——是基于仿射坐标系而建立的一种坐标变换数学模型。是经过原点平移，分别相对两条坐标轴进行旋转和在两条坐标轴上分别进行尺度变换实现的，其数学模型为X＝a1x+a2y+a0，Y＝b1y+b2x+b0（X、Y为地形图坐标，x、y为数字化仪坐标，ai、bi(i=0,1,2)为变换参数）
空间分析函数 ——分析函数是对地理空间数据按一定规则进行转换的图像函数，基于一定的空间分析算法．以一个或多个数据平面作为输入，函数运算结果产生新的数据平面。许多专题分析模型要求首先由空间分析函数将原始数据进行变换，以获取更多的符合模型要求形式的地理空间信息。空间分析函数不仅可以向用户提供多种形式的空间信息、而且为地理信息系统分析模型的实现提供了极大的方便。
虚拟现实（VR,Virtual Reality）——是指利用计算机和一系列传感辅助设施来实现的使人能有置身于真正现实世界中的感觉的环境，是一个看似真实的模拟环境。
虚拟地理环境 ——可以定义为包括作为主体的化身人类社会以及围绕该主体存在的一切客观环境，包括计算机、网络、传感器等硬件环境、软件环境、数据环境、虚拟图形镜像环境、虚拟经济环境以及虚拟社会、政治和文化环境，是区域自然环境和社会环境的虚拟模型，它在强调地理信息使用者身临其境之感受的同时，还追求超越现实的理解。
四叉树编码 ——又名四元树编码，可以通俗理解为一个具有四分枝结构的树，它具有栅格数据二维空间分布的特征，这是一种更为有效的编码方法。四叉树编码将整个图形区域按照四个象限递归分割成2n×2n象元阵列，形成过程是：将一个2×2图像分解成大小相等的四部分，每一部分又分解成大小相等的四部分，就这样一直分解下去，一直分解到正方形的大小正好与象元的大小相等为止，即逐步分解为包含单一类型的方形区域（均值块），最小的方形区域为一个栅格单元。
四叉树数据结构 ——这种数据结构的原理可以表述为：将空间区域按照四个象限进行递归分割（2n×2n，且n≥1），直到子象限的数值单调为止。凡数值（特征码或类型码）呈单调的单元，不论单元大小，均作为最后的存储单元。
狄洛尼（Delaunay）三角网 ——在泰森多边形的构建中，首先要将离散点构成三角网，这种三角网称为Delaunay三角网。或定义为：有公共边的Voronoi多边形（简称V-多边形）称为相邻的V-多边形。连接所有相邻的V-多边形的生长中心所形成的三角网称为Delaunay三角网。
嵌入式GIS ——指地理信息系统在嵌入式设备如PoketPC,PDA上的应用，是指运行于运行在嵌入式计算机系统中的地理信息技术，“典型的嵌入式GIS应用由嵌入式硬件系统、嵌入式操作系统和嵌入式GIS软件组成”。
GridGIS（网格GIS） ——是利用现有的网格技术、空间信息基础设施，空间信息网络协议规范，形成一个虚拟的空间信息管理与处理环境，将空间地理分布的、异构的各种设备与系统进行集成，为用户提供一体化的空间信息应用服务的智能化信息平台。#p#分页标题#e#
数字地球 ——就是对真实地球及其相关现象的统一性的数字化重现与认识。(李德仁)
拓扑结构 是指分布式系统中各个计算单元之间的物理或逻辑的互联关系，结点之间的拓扑结构一直是确定系统类型的重要依据。
空间数据融合（Fusion）——是指多种数据合成后，不再保存原来的数据，而产生了一种新的综合数据，如假彩色合成影像。（邬伦）
空间数据结构 ——是指适合于计算机系统存储、管理和处理的地学图形的逻辑结构，是地理实体的空间排列方的抽象描述。
空间数据模型 ——是关于现实世界中空间实体及其相互间联系的概念，为描述空间数据组织和设计空间数据库模型提供了基本的方法。
空间数据索引 ——就空间对象之间的某种空间关系按一定的顺序排列的一种数据结构，其中包含空间对象的概要信息。（陈述彭）
空间数据引擎(spatial database engine,SDE) ——指提供存储、查询、检索空间地理数据，以及对空间地理数据进行空间关系运算和空间分析的程序功能集合。
空间数据仓库 ——是指支持管理和决策过程的、面向主题的、集成的和随时间变化的、持久地和具有空间坐标的地理数据的集合。目的是为了处理积累的海量空间数据，抽取有用信息，并提供决策支持。（邬伦）
信息系统 ——是具有数据采集、管理、分析和表达数据能力的系统，它能够为单一的或有组织的决策过程提供有用的信息。一个基于计算机的信息系统包括计算机硬件、软件、数据和用户四大要素。（邬伦）
地理信息系统 ——是一种采集、存储、管理、分析、显示与应用地理信息的计算机系统。（陈述彭）
地理信息科学 ——是研究地理系统中的信息流的科学，主要研究在对地理信息进行处理、存储、提取以及管理和分析过程中所提出的一系列基本问题，如数据的获取和集成、分布式计算、地理信息的认知和表达、空间分析、地理信息基础设施建设、地理数据的不确定性及其对于地理信息系统操作的影响、地理信息系统的社会实践等，研究技术主要包括地理信息获取技术（其中包括遥感技术和全球定位技术）、地理信息系统技术、地理信息传输技术等。（Goodchild1992)
数字地形模型DTM ——是地形表面形态属性信息的数字表达，是带有空间位置特征和地形属性特征的数字描述。(邬伦) 是描述地面特征的空间分布的有序数值阵列。（陈述彭） 地理信息系统,GIS,基本概念 GIS基础 admin 未知 2010-09-17 13:04 开放式地理信息系统OpenGIS网络服务研究
http://www.gispark.com/html/GISarticle/2010/0917/3092.html
GIS系统在实现因特网GIS的基础上又迈向分布式GIS服务系统发展，为了解决数据综合过程中出现的问题，逐渐提出了OpenGIS网络服务技术。本文就本人该技术的发展和应用研究做了详细的介绍。 0. 引言 随着计算机技术和信息技术的飞猛发展，人们对GIS 技术也提出了更高的要求 GIS系统在实现因特网GIS的基础上又迈向分布式GIS服务系统发展，为了解决数据综合过程中出现的问题，逐渐提出了OpenGIS网络服务技术。本文就本人该技术的发展和应用研究做了详细的介绍。
0. 引言
随着计算机技术和信息技术的飞猛发展，人们对GIS 技术也提出了更高的要求，GIS 领域也逐渐由最初的地理测绘领域向计算机信息领域发展，同时对从业人员也提出了更高的要求。21 世纪初Web GIS Internet/Intranet 技术出于成熟[1]，但是随之而来的数据格式和标准成了GIS 发展的问题和障碍。随后各GIS 公司和机构成立国际开放GIS 组织OGC（Open Geospatial Consortium）来共同解决这一难题，同时也逐渐将GIS 发展向ISO（International Standards Organization）发展，使得GIS 互操作变得更为简单[2]。
1. GIS 横向发展原理
GIS 的横向发展原理（图1）主要是建立在信息计算机学和大地测量学的基础上，其基础技术和学科主要包括比如IT 基础技术、网络和通讯技术、大地测量坐标系统以及遥感和测量为主的传感器技术等。这两大基础学具体到GIS 本身就称为地理信息计算机，具体包括软件工程，统一的地理数据管理和遥感与卫星定位技术的接口，其研究领域具体包括GIS 结构和技术，地理信息数据采集方法和传感器，数据库结构和模型，地理空间数据（图形，属性和权属数据），GIS 处理运算法则，GIS标准和规范，地理数据的基础结构等。GIS 的目的就是实现跨专业的各专业数据、专业模型和专业模型知识的综合应用。
图1 GIS 发展的横向原理
2. 分布式空间地理异类数据源的综合
首先我们可以肯定，空间地理数据应用于社会的各个领域，比如政府管理部门，像水利、环境保护、地质、林业、石油、土地管理、规划、测绘等，而各个部门所使用的数据格式也不尽相同，比如土地管理部门主要使用以后矢量数据表示的土地登记图表，水利、环保等部门使用最多的是图表数据，规划部门可能使用栅格数据以及3 维模型较多。我们将这些数据进行综合，可以简单地进行加和，这样操作比较简单，便于分析，而且也更模型化。但是它也存在较大的弊端，比如移动性不强，综合性差，数据的是实性受到局限，更大的问题还存在于费用和时间的花费上。这些很不适应当今社会发展的节奏。
另外，分布式空间地理数据综合的最大问题就是数据的异类性，就是说，各部门使用的软件不同，所产生的数据格式和数据模型就不同，其精度和比例尺也存在差异，这在数据源数据的综合过程中要么数据不能转换，或在转换过程中大量数据丢失。
从图2 中我们不难看出，在GIS 发展的初期，GIS 技术和产品相对比较单一，数据格式的问题还不是太严重，各数据源数据进行简单的加和综合还是有优势的，但是，随着GIS 技术的发展，软件开发商也越来越多，产品形式走向多样化，由于缺乏统一的标准和规范，使得数据的综合成为GIS 事业发展的主要障碍，特别网络GIS 的发展，使得GIS 的标准化问题逐渐提上了日程。
3. OGC 网络服务
解决以上综合过程中问题的最好解决办法就是建立OGC 服务，这也就意味着，我们不综合数据，而是集合网络服务。
3.1 OGC(OpenGIS Consortium)开放式地理信息系统联盟OGC 是于1994 年在美国由250 个公司、政府部门和大学联合成立的国际性联盟组织，它成立的主要任务就是地理空间数据完整综合和处理，其主要目的就是：在成员单位取得一致意见的情况下，发展为地理空间数据访问和处理的相互操作道路的接口规范；在因特网的基础上建立OGC 执行规范，即OGC 网络服务主要有：
●WMS(Web Map Services)：网络地图执行规范
●WFS(Web Feature Services)：网络特征数据执行规范
●GML(Geography Markup Language)：地理编程语言
●SLD(Styled Layer Descriptor)：图层描述器#p#分页标题#e#
●FE(Filter Encoding) : 过滤解码
●Metadata standards：元数据标准
3.2 OGC 网络服务的原理和结构
在一个客户端执行多个OGC 规范，例如WMS, WFS, WSCT(WebCoordinate Transformation Services), 就可以建立网络综合服务。地图数据我们可以直接通过因特网从各个不同的GIS 提供单位来获取，虽然各单位所使用的软件不同，但是其规范都采用OGC的接口规范和WMS。但是对于来自不同单位和个人的文字和数字信息比如房地产信息，城市服务信息，电话信息服务，公共交通时刻表等都必须通过一个综合的服务为用户提供，另外坐标转化服务也要在客户端的综合服务里进行转换向用户提供。为了便于用户和客户端以及数据源的互操作，建议包括WMS 在内的所有服务都通过一个整合的服务即所谓的数据大门GeoPortal 来获取。
可以说，这里的GIS 用户只需要有一个因特网连接，一个客户端账号就能实现所有GIS 功能，这可以说是一个智能型的GIS 系统，既节省了软硬件，也节省了大量的GIS 建设工作。
4. OGC 网络服务应用研究
OGC 网络服务可广泛应用于行业管理中，例如不动产服务，林业，农业或紧急救护当中，慕尼黑工业大学，慕尼黑圆桌GIS 协会，巴伐利亚州森林管理部门和森林灾害管理部门以及昆虫研究部门联合，利用OGC 网络服务系统建立了巴州自然森林公园昆虫森林灾害管理系统，取得了显著效果；又如测绘管理部门，规划部门，农村发展和土地管理部门，水利和建筑管理部门联合建立了在GeoPortal 基础上的空间规划综合服务系统也得到应用和发展。慕尼黑圆桌协会和慕尼黑工业大学为不动产管理生产的不动产演示系统，利用OGC 网络服务综合了4 家不同软件开发商的数据库，为不动产开发商提供了网络服务，取得了成功。
5. 结论
在80 年代末到90 年代，随着计算机的飞速发展，GIS 的发展也展示了其优越性，发展迅速，随之产生了大量的GIS 软件，同时也建设了大量的GIS 系统和数据库，对这些大量数据的综合使用，特别是利用OpenGIS 标准和规范进行跨行业的综合利用，将也是我们今后OpenGIS发展的一个主要方向，这样不但能节省大量的人力物力，也使得我们建设GIS 变得异常简单。
参考文献
［1］修文群.地理信息系统GIS 数字化城市建设指南.北京希望电子出版社，2001，北京.
［2］Schilcher, M. aktuelle Entwicklungen Geoinformationssysteme.Gelileo Technik&AnwendungInformationsworkshop,10.02.2006 开放式地理信息系统,OpenGIS OGC,网络服务,Web GIS论文 刘祎梅 苏成岭 孟丽秋 未知 2010-09-17 12:58 直通中南海留言板网站网址链接揭秘
http://www.gispark.com/html/web/2010/0915/3091.html
这两天，不少网友发现，在人民网的页面上，出现了一个新栏目的LOGO直通中南海。[1]点击进入页面后，网友们惊喜地发现不仅可以直接给胡锦涛总书记和温家宝总理留言，还可以给中央政治局常委、委员留言。只要在页面右侧，找到你想留言的领导姓名或者中央机构，在留言框内 这两天，不少网友发现，在人民网的页面上，出现了一个新栏目的LOGO“直通中南海”。[1]点击进入页面后，网友们惊喜地发现不仅可以直接给胡锦涛总书记和温家宝总理留言，还可以给中央政治局常委、委员留言。只要在页面右侧，找到你想留言的领导姓名或者中央机构，在留言框内输入您的留言内容，点击“留言”即可。据了解，在“直通中南海——中央领导人和中央机构留言板”上，网友可以注册留言，可以用“游客”身份留言；留言既可以用个人身份，也可以用党组织（单位）身份提交留言。不仅谁都可以来留言，记者还发现，网友的所有留言均可公开看到，还可以对其他网友的留言进行点评和补充等。
2010年9月8日，人民网·中国共产党新闻网正式推出“直通中南海——中央领导人和中央机构留言板”。该留言板突出互动性，旨在让广大网友对中央领导人倾诉心声，给中央机构提出意见和建议。自该留言板开通至今，留言数量非常庞大。据统计，给胡锦涛总书记的留言一共15261条，给温家宝总理的留言共有10853条。网友留言内容多样，包罗万象，有对领导人的问候，也有对社会问题的反映。诸如，房价过高、整治腐败等等。
直通中南海留言板网站网址链接揭秘:http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/191862/191863/index.html 直通中南海留言板网站,网址,链接 网络文摘 admin 未知 2010-09-15 01:15 “2010 Esri中国区域用户大会”拉开序幕
http://www.gispark.com/html/news/2010/0914/3090.html
今日，Esri中国（北京）有限公司在北京开启了2010 Esri中国区域用户大会的序幕。今年大会的主题为GIS让人类认知世界，国家测绘局副局长闵宜仁，及李德仁院士、何建邦院士等著名科学家出席了会议。北京站（华北区）是本次活动的首站，之后将陆续登陆上海、沈阳、广州、 今日，Esri中国（北京）有限公司在北京开启了“2010 Esri中国区域用户大会”的序幕。今年大会的主题为“GIS—让人类认知世界”，国家测绘局副局长闵宜仁，及李德仁院士、何建邦院士等著名科学家出席了会议。北京站（华北区）是本次活动的首站，之后将陆续登陆上海、沈阳、广州、成都、西安。作为中国GIS行业的盛会，大会向中国用户全面展现了GIS技术的最新进展，为中国GIS用户提供了一个分享GIS应用经验、交流GIS技术的平台。
“2010 Esri中国华北区用户大会”为期三天，从9月14日至16日共举办48场精彩纷呈的前沿科技讲座和19个行业应用研讨会，为与会者全面展现GIS新技术，分享云环境下GIS服务理念与未来发展方向，与业内专家学者一起探讨GIS应用的新趋势，共同展望中国GIS产业发展的美好前景。
会上，业界公认的“GIS之父”，加拿大地理学家罗杰·汤姆林森（Roger Tomlinson）发表了题为“GIS规划未来”的精彩演讲，和与会者共同分享其半个世纪参与GIS规划与实施的经验和思考。Esri公司研发总监、ArcGIS产品总设计师斯科特·莫尔豪斯（Scott Morehouse）则阐述了ArcGIS软件的发展方向和研发思路。他表示：“互联网以及基于互联网的计算方法的发展，给ArcGIS的变革带来了重要的机遇。最近发布的ArcGIS 10系列产品，给业界带来了惊喜与转变，这标志着Esri为迎接新的时代所作出的努力。”
Esri中国（北京）有限公司总裁何宁指出：“我们正在迈入一个信息空间化的社会, GIS已经不仅是人类解决环境问题的重要工具，更是人类认知世界的一种有效的思维模式。随着GIS应用更加广泛与深入，未来的GIS世界，将是一个人人参与、人人受益的世界。我相信，通过整合空间信息资源，构建空间信息框架，实现空间信息的共享与协同将指日可待。”
30多年来，Esri公司植根中国市场、贴近用户需求，为服务中国用户开展了大量本地化工作。Esri中国研发中心将于今年年底正式启动。研发中心以满足中国的GIS行业应用需求为核心目标，此举无疑将加大对国外先进技术与管理模式的引入力度，为用户及合作伙伴提供更具中国特色的产品与服务。此外，Esri中国搭建的“空间信息应用实验室”已于近日落成，该实验室汇集了Esri最尖端的技术以及全球用户和合作伙伴的最新应用成果和解决方案。同时，ArcGIS 10.0版本的本地化工作一直在持续推进中，中文版即将登陆中国市场，国内用户将可以直接感受到中文版产品所带来的全新服务与体验。
为推动中国GIS产业更快发展，树立行业应用典范，大会向国家基础地理信息中心颁发了“2010年度Esri全球GIS特别贡献奖”；向广州奥格智能科技有限公司颁发了“2010年度Esri全球优秀合作伙伴奖”；还特别为在GIS教育领域做出杰出贡献的武汉大学边馥苓教授、北京师范大学刘慧平教授和清华大学党安荣教授颁发了“2010年度Esri中国最佳教育贡献奖”。
另外，国家卫星海洋应用中心、中国气象局国家气象中心、中国科学院遥感应用研究所等多个领域共计12个用户单位，以及IBM中国研究院、亚信联创科技集团股份有限公司、北京数字政通科技股份有限公司等14家公司分别被授予2010年度Esri中国 “最佳应用奖”和“优秀合作伙伴奖”。 2010 Esri,中国区域用户大会,拉开序幕 GIS动态 admin 未知 2010-09-14 13:50 武汉航天远景MapMatrix处理印度IRS-P5立体像对作业流程
http://www.gispark.com/html/tutorial/2010/0914/3089.html
武汉航天远景MapMatrix处理印度IRS-P5立体像对作业流程 卫星介绍 CARTOSAT-1 (制图卫星1号) 又名: IRS－P5是印度于2005年5月5日发射的卫星 该卫星携带两个分辨率为2.5米的全色传感器, 连续推扫,形成在轨立体像对，可用于地形图制图、高程建模、地籍制图以及资源调查等 武汉航天远景MapMatrix处理印度IRS-P5立体像对作业流程
卫星介绍
CARTOSAT-1 (制图卫星1号) 又名: IRS－P5是印度于2005年5月5日发射的卫星
该卫星携带两个分辨率为2.5米的全色传感器, 连续推扫,形成在轨立体像对，可用于地形图制图、高程建模、地籍制图以及资源调查等应用。
另外还提供预正射产品，预正射产品只对图像做辐射校正,同时,提供用户自己后续处理需要的RPC参数文件.产品包括的文件有:GeoTIFF图像,RPC参数文件和元数据文件，可通过商业遥感处理软件,利用大地控制点和外部的DEM来制作高精度的产品
可用于制作1：25000的地形图以及正射影像图
处理流程：
一. 立体测图作业流程：
1. 新建测区，注意测区类型设置为RPC
2. 输入控制点文件（WGS84的控制点）
在处理SPOT5，P5等卫星影像的时候，为了便于软件处理和提高运算速度，往往需要指定卫片所对应的轨道参数文件，比如：SPOT5的轨道参数文件为*.dim，P5，IKONOS的轨道参数为*.rpc.txt.。但是这些轨道参数都是基于WGS84坐标系下的，如果想得到非WGS84坐标系的成果，往往需要做坐标系转换。
现在在MapMatrix中可以直接新建北京54或者西安80坐标系下的控制点，在相对定向或者RPC空三中添加上最少一个控制点，然后进行像元改正，就可以将卫片转到北京54或者西安80坐标系中来。
但是如果有时候需要独立坐标系下的成果，这个时候就需要做坐标系转换的操作。在做坐标系转换操作之前，请分别准备好两个坐标系下的控制点文件
3. 添加影像，同时指定rpc参数
4. 建立立体像对
5. 卫片核线投影。卫片核线投影的目的主要是计算出模型的立体旋转角，
如果计算出的立体旋转角接近0度，不需要做影像旋转；
如果计算出的立体旋转角接近90度，请使用RPC参数重整，逆时针90度旋转影像。
RPC参数重整的含义：RPC参数用于建立推扫式线阵相机影像上的像素坐标和地面坐标之间的关系，当影像发生裁切，缩放旋转，左右互换时，原有的RPC参数便不能表达处理后的影像上行列坐标和地面坐标间的变换关系。而RPC重整功能可以保证RPC参数与影像变化的一致性。
如果计算出的立体旋转角介于0度和90度，卫片核线投影功能会自动将影像做旋转。
6. P5模型置平。MapMatrix会对P5的影像做置平，保证测图时的立体感比较好。MapMatrix会自动将原始影像更换为置平之后的影像，同时指定置平之后对应的RPC参数。置平时需要用到控制点文件，计算出控制点的平均高程，否则给100
7. 进入相对定向加控制点（无需自动相对定向），或者使用RPC空三加控制点。
两者之间的区别在于：相对定向中添加控制点只能处理一个像对。而RPC空三中添加控制点，可以对本测区中所有的影像添加控制点
8. 右键原始影像――计算象元改正。（相当于做绝对定向）
9. 新建矢量图－利用原始影像测图。
二. DEM、DOM生成作业流程：
前面1，2，3，4，5步同测图作业流程
6. 进入相对定向――自动相对定向――添加控制点－定义核线范围
7. 象元改正
8. 核线重采样
9. 核线影像匹配
10. 新建DEM
11. 编辑DEM
12. 自动生成DOM
立体测图与DEM生成作业流程的区别：
1. 因为是使用原始影像进行测图，需要对立体像对进行置平，这样，立体观测时立体感才会比较好。而置平之后的影像采集核线会存在上下视差，因此如果生成dem不能做置平。
2. 测图无需做相对定向，而dem生成则需要，因为DEM生成需要利用到核线影像匹配，而核线影像匹配是基于核线影像的，而生成核线影像需要事先完成相对定向。 IRS-P5,立体,像,作业流程,印度,处理,航天,远景,M GIS应用 admin 未知 2010-09-14 13:44 空中三角测量作业步骤
http://www.gispark.com/plus/view.php?aid=3088
空中三角测量一般有两种作业方式，一是全自动作业方式，一是半自动作业方式。全自动方式对影像的飞行质量、扫描质量以及测区的地物结构、地形类别等要素，要求比较苛刻。半自动作业方式是比较可靠的作业方式，该方式适合于各种测区。半自动作业是在屏幕上直接选 空中三角测量一般有两种作业方式，一是全自动作业方式，一是半自动作业方式。全自动方式对影像的飞行质量、扫描质量以及测区的地物结构、地形类别等要素，要求比较苛刻。半自动作业方式是比较可靠的作业方式，该方式适合于各种测区。半自动作业是在屏幕上直接选取、量测标准点位点(测图定向点,也是人工点)，然后用数字影象匹配技术，产生大量的同名点(自动点)，最后人工点、自动点一起整体平差，这种方法的优点是作业速度比较快，模型与模型、航线与航线之间的连接点很多，网的结构很强，而且没有大的粗差。该作业方式与传统作业方式相比，它将像片选点工作移到屏幕上进行，并将选点、测点工作一次完成，所以作业速度比传统作业方式快得多。全自动作业方式与半自动作业方式相比，前者所有标准点位点都是用影像自动匹配的方法获取，如有遗漏再由人工补测，人工补测工作量的大小，取决于测区航片的飞行质量、扫描质量以及测区的地物结构、地形类别等要素；后者所有标准点位点都是人工测定。如果像片质量很好，前者速度快，像片质量不好，前者容易匹配失败，补测的点多。全自动作业方式不仅对测区航片资料要求甚高，而且对作业员的每一步作业质量要求很高。由于在全自动作业方式时，作业员前期的工作量很少，但每一步作业都很重要，都是必不可少的，都不允许出错，一旦出错就有可能造成整个作业失败。下面介绍空中三角测量的作业步骤。3.1人工点选点及编制人工点点号软件操作：无功能说明：人工点指地面外业控制点和人工选定的标准点位点(测图定向点)。人工点编号不得超过五位，可以含有字母(字母不分大小写)和其他符号。人工点的选、刺点可以在像片(控制片)上进行，也可直接在屏幕上进行。人工点点号编排规则： 航线拼接点点号：第一位必须为字母“T”； 保密点点号： 第一位必须为字母“B”； 未知三角点点号：第一位必须为字母“S”； 自动点转为人工点点号：第一位为字母“Z”或“M”(软件自动生成)。产生文件：无注：⒈此步作业可做可不做，如果加密成果要用于模拟测图仪、解析测图仪测图定向，就必须做。⒉人工点点号第一位字母“T”、“B”、“S”、“Z”和“M” 是特定用途的点号，其他人工点点号不能使用。3.2建立测区目录在正式进入操作之前，必须给新测区创建一个新的目录，以存储新测区的数据。新测区目录可以由字母或汉字组成，但长度不得超过12位(字母12个，汉字6个)。3.3建立测区信息、像机信息、控制信息数据文件软件操作：调用“输入信息”模块中的“输入测区信息*.inf”、“输入像机信息*.ftc”、“输入控制信息*.gd”功能。功能说明：产生或修改自动空三软件所需的三种测区基础数据文件：测区信息文件*.inf、摄影机信息文件*.ftc、控制点大地坐标信息文件*.gd。控制点坐标文件必须重点检查，排除输入错误。在*.inf文件中，点位分布间隔一般用4-6mm，全自动作业方式一般给4mm。产生文件：产生*.inf、*.ftc、*.gd文件，存放在测区目录中。注：上述三个文件也可用“记事本”按4.1、4.2、4.3中描述的数据格式建立或修改。3.4影像数据的准备和检查软件操作：调用“影像处理”模块中的“彩色转灰度影像”、“TIFF、BMP格式转ECW格式”功能和“各种检测”模块中的“检测影像文件”功能和“影象检查及处理”功能。功能说明：将所有影象扫描数据*.tif、*.jpg、*.bmp、*.sid或*.ecw文件拷入测区目录下的image子目录中，如果在当前盘存放不下所要存放的文件，可在其他硬盘上建立相同的测区目录和image子目录，再将剩余的文件存放其中。*.tif文件必须是非压缩格式(*.bmp文件也是非压缩格式)，文件属性必须是可读可写方式。其他格式都是压缩格式。由于彩色影象数据量较大，作业较慢，可调用“彩色转灰度影像”功能，将彩色影象转换为灰度影象，然后用灰度影象进行作业。当影像文件较大、硬盘存储不下时，可调用“TIFF、BMP格式转ECW格式”功能将影像进行压缩存储，压缩倍率最好不要超过5，最大不要超过10。在输入完影像文件之后，调用“各种检测”模块中的“检测影像文件”功能进行检查，看是否还缺少影像文件,如果图形中有红“X”，则是缺少影像文件，必须补充。产生文件：产生*.tif、*.jpg、*.bmp、*.sid或*.ecw文件，存放在测区目录下IMAGE子目录中。3.5制作金字塔影象软件操作：调用“影像处理” 模块中的“影象金字塔”功能。功能说明：在像点坐标采集、自动匹配过程中，采用的都是“金字塔”影象匹配技术，需频繁调用金字塔影象，因此需预先制作。产生文件：产生*.tif5、*.ecw5、*.bmp5、*.sid5或*.jpg5等文件，存放在测区目录下IMAGE子目录中。3.6影像数据的几何处理软件操作：调用“各种检测”模块中的 “影象检查及处理”功能。功能说明：在影像扫描时，有些像片被斜置或倒置，这时需要对影像进行几何变换(如左旋90度、右旋90度、旋转180度等)，可调用“各种检测”模块中的“影像检查及处理”功能进行处理，处理方式可以是单片形式或整条航线形式。注意：这些处理只限于*.tif、*.bmp文件，其他压缩格式不能处理，因为对压缩以后的影像处理后，再压缩存储，影像失真会更大。 产生文件：产生新的*.tif、*.tif5、*.bmp、*.bmp5文件，存放在测区目录下IMAGE子目录中。3.7量测框标及内定向软件操作：调用“内定向”模块中的“人工量测框标”或“自动量测框标”功能和“各种检测”中的“检查内定向成果”功能。功能说明：测定四个或八个框标，计算内定向参数。首先用仿射变换公式进行内定向： Xi’= A0 + A1*Xi + A2*Yi + A3*Xi*Yi Yi’= B0 + B1*Xi + B2*Yi + B3*Xi*Yi Xi’、Yi’为框标理论坐标；Xi、Yi为框标观测坐标；Ai、Bi为内定向参数，当四个框标时，A3、B3接近为0。如果框标坐标残差(距离)大于指定的限差，则用正形变换公式计算出误差较大的点： Xi’= A0 + A2*Xi + A3*YiYi’= A1 + A2*Yi - A3*Xi 内定向结束后，可调用 “各种检测”中的“检查内定向成果”功能，检查内定向是否合格，如果图形中有红“X”，则表示该片内定向超限。 产生文件：产生*.kb、*.outkb、jiben.map、*.kbmap、*.kbz、*.sg和*.zhx文件，存放在测区目录下EXCESS子目录中。3.8选取航线拼接点和检查软件操作：调用“选点”模块中的“选航线拼接点”和“各种检测”中的“检查‘T’点位”功能。功能说明：选点时，首先选取航线拼接点。航线拼接点的作用是用于确定航线与航线之间像片相互位置对应关系。航线与航线之间最少选二个点，最多选九个点(一般是隔10-12张像片选一个，在重叠度突变的像片上最好选一个)，航线拼接点点号要用“T”开头。软件自动生成点号。选完“T”点后，可调用“各种检测”模块中的“检查‘T’点位”功能，检查“T”点的分布和遗漏。如果有空中DGPS坐标，可以不做这一步，因为DGPS坐标本身就确定了位置关系。产生文件：产生*.ip、*.ip1、pointname.dat、*.sg、*.phgx文件，*.ip、*.ip1存放在测区目录下DAT子目录中，其他存放在EXCESS子目录中。3.9选取标准点位点和检查软件操作：调用“选点”模块中的“选标准点位点”和“各种检测”模块中的“检查标准点位人工点”功能。功能说明：在半自动作业方式时，必须在每张像片主点上下标准点位上选取人工点，软件自动生成点号，另外，还要选取测区四角四个地面平高控制点。在全自动作业方式时，只要选取测区四角四个地面平高控制点。选取测区四角四个地面平高控制点的目的，是用这四个点，反算其它地面平高控制点在像片上的位置。如测区中有地面平面控制点、高程控制点(不是三维坐标的控制点)，也必须在这步作业中选、测。选完标准点位点后，须调用“各种检测”模块中的“检查标准点位人工点”功能，检查人工点的分布以及选点是否正确、是否有遗漏。产生文件：产生新的*.ip、*.ip1、pointname.dat、*.sg、*.phgx文件，存放位置同上。 3.10自动匹配加密点软件操作：调用“构建自由网”模块中“航线自动匹配构建航线自由网”和“测区自动匹配构件测区自由网”功能。功能说明：“航线自动匹配构建航线自由网”功能是在全测区范围内自动匹配各航线内的加密点。“测区自动匹配构建测区自由网”功能是在全测区范围内自动匹配各航线内和航线间的加密点。在半自动作业方式时，调用前一功能，后一功能可调可不调；在全自动作业方式时，必须调用后一功能。如匹配失败，其原因有多种:在半自动作业方式时，是所在像对中的人工点有大的粗差，补救办法是检查、修测该模型及该模型前后的人工点；在全自动作业方式时，除上述原因外，还有影像质量或飞行质量的问题，如像片重叠度突变、像片K角较大等，补救的办法是在失败的像片上增加二个人工点。产生文件：产生*.ip、*.ip2、*.ip3、*.outs、*.bc、*.bct、*.sd文件，*.ip、*.ip2、*.ip3存放在测区目录下DAT子目录中，*.outs存放在OUT子目录中，*.bc、*.bct、*.sd存放在EXCESS子目录中。3.11修测人工点的粗差软件操作：调用“修改坐标”模块中的“修测相对定向粗差点”功能。功能说明：人工量测的人工点，其上下视差、模型连接差都可能含有粗差，需进行修测。在一些影象不好的模型，连接点的距离太短，连接力度不够，需补测一些连接点。对于上下视差残差超限、模型连接超限的自动点，软件自动删除。产生文件：产生新的*.ip、*.outs、*.bc、*.bct、*.sd文件，存放位置同上。3.12计算未量测的地面控制点点位 软件操作：调用“构建自由网”模块中的“计算地面控制点位置”。 功能说明：在“选标准点位点”时，只选了测区四角四个地面控制点，其他地面控制点都没量测，调用“计算地面控制点位置”功能计算其它地面平高控制点在像片上的概略位置。 产生文件：产生新的*.ip和*.kz文件，*.ip存放位置同上，*.kz存放在EXCESS子目录。 注：“计算地面控制点位置”功能只能计算具有三维大地坐标的控制点，不足三维坐标的控制点必须人工量测。3.13修测刚计算的地面控制点点位 软件操作：调用“修改坐标”模块中的“逐点修测地控点”或“删除点”模块中的“删除刚计算的地面控制点”和“各种检测”模块中的“检查地面控制点”功能。 功能说明：在执行⒊12步后，对刚计算的地面控制点有二种处理方法：一是调用“逐点修测地控点”功能修测地面控制点在像片上的准确位置；一是调用“删除刚计算的地面控制点”功能，删除刚计算的点，然后再重算。在修测地控点后，要调用“各种检测”模块中的“检查地面控制点”功能，检查地面控制点的点位，并检查是否有遗漏。 产生文件：产生新的*.ip和*.kz文件，*.ip存放位置同上，*.kz存放在EXCESS子目录。3.14删除自动点中的粗差点 软件操作：调用“删除点”模块中的“删除自动点中的粗差点”。 功能说明：这步删除是根据误差分布规律，删除自动点中误差较大的点，与地面控制点无关。 产生文件：产生新的*.ip、*.outs、*.bc、*.bct、*.sd文件，存放位置同上。3.15航线间连接点、地面定向点、检查点中的粗差检测与定位软件操作：调用“整体平差”模块中“多项式”功能。功能说明：到目前为止，测区中的地面定向点、检查点、相邻航线间同名点中是否有粗差，尚未检测，这些粗差不能带入光束法整体平差。当航线较短时(12条基线以下)，可用多项式整体平差方法检测这三种粗差，当航线较长时，这种检测方法的准确性会降低。产生文件：产生*.dmc、*.outp文件，存放在OUT子目录中。3.16删除或修测航线间连接点、地面定向点、检查点中的粗差 软件操作：调用“修改坐标”模块中的“逐点大修测”、“逐点微修测”、“逐点修测地控点”或“删除点”模块中的“删除超限的自动旁向点”功能。 功能说明：●在调用“测区自动匹配构建测区自由网”功能后，自动匹配的旁向点(航线间的公共点)中必定有很多超限(超限包括平高超限、平面超限、高程超限三种)，可调用 “删除点”模块中的“删除超限的自动旁向点”功能删除。●如果相邻航线的人工点超限，修测人工点的粗差。●如果控制点有遗漏，则有三种可能性，一是没有观测该点，二是在*.gd文件中没有输入该点，三是既观测了也输入了该点，但两者的点号不一致。如果地面控制点绝对位置有大的偏差，修测地面控制点的绝对位置。 产生文件：产生新的*.ip、*.outs、*.bc、*.bct、*.sd文件，存放位置同上。重复第3.15、3.16步，直到所有旁向连接点的粗差、地面定向点和检查点的粗差修改完毕。3.17删除、修测高程异常点 软件操作：调用“删除点”模块中的“删除、修测高程异常点”功能。 功能说明：如果“删除、修测高程异常点”功能处于击活状态时，可点击该功能，删除高程异常的点，当有些高程异常点不能被删除时(如高程异常的人工点)，程序自动进入修测状态，检查这些点量测是否正确。所谓“高程异常点”，就是高程坐标处于测区最大高程、最小高程之外的点。最大高程、最小高程在测区信息文件*.inf中提供。 产生文件：产生新的*.ip、*.outs、*.bc、*.bct、*.sd文件，存放位置同上。3.18设定、检查测图定向点 软件操作：调用“编辑*.ip文件”模块中的“设定或检查测图定向点”、和“各种检测”模块中的“检查测图定向点”功能。 功能说明：为了确保测图工序有足够的定向点，必须预先设定。一般人工量测的人工点，都是测图定向点，如人工点不够，则将标准点位上满足条件的自动点转换为人工点，其点号以“M” 打头。测图定向点在*.ip文件中的点标志为“8”。测图定向点的条件是：一在本航线必须是三度重叠(除首尾像片外)，二如有相邻航线，在相邻航线上必须最少有二度重叠。也就是说，在测区最上排、最下排，测图定向点必须是三度重叠点，在测区左右两侧，必须是四度重叠点，在测区中央，必须是五度以上的重叠点。如果屏幕提示有遗漏(半自动作业方式一般没有遗漏，全自动作业方式一般都有遗漏)，则调用“各种检测”模块中的“检查测图定向点”功能，检查某像片、某点位缺点(在图中为红色圆点)，然后用“选标准点位点”功能，在相应像片的点位上补人工点。 产生文件：产生新的 *.ip文件，存放位置同上。3.19修测“M”和“Z”点 软件操作：调用“修改坐标”模块中的“修测“M”和“Z”点”功能。 功能说明：点号以“M”、“Z”打头的点，都是由自动匹配点转化的人工点，正常情况下，这些点都要进行点位检查、修测。 产生文件：产生新的 *.ip文件，存放位置同上。3.20光束法整体平差和检查平差结果软件操作：调用“整体平差”模块中“光束法”和“各种检测”模块中的“最终点位图”功能。功能说明：光束法整体平差的目的是提高加密点的加密精度，获取加密点的大地坐标和像片的外方位元素。平差后，调用“各种检测”模块中的“最终点位图”功能，当点位图显示出来后，每一条光线如用鼠标右键点击，可显示出这一条光线的误差，红色线表示像点坐标残差超过0.03mm。点击地面点，显示该点的坐标残差。点线表示看图中《图例》。产生文件：产生新的*.dmc、*.sel、*.outb文件，存放在OUT子目录中。重复第3.15、3.16、3.20步，直到所有地面定向点和检查点的粗差修改完毕。至此，整个测区加密平差计算完成。3.21输出人工点小影像软件操作：调用“辅助功能”模块中“输出所有人工点小影像”和“输出保密点小影像”功能。功能说明：在人工点点位确定之后，可以将这些点所在位置的影像输出。影像大小为200 X 301,影像文件格式为BMP，文件名为点号。产生文件：产生*.bmp文件。保密点放在B-image目录中，人工点放在ALL-image目录中。3.22计算相邻测区接边点的像点坐标软件操作：调用“构建自由网” 模块中的“计算相邻测区接边点的像点坐标”功能。功能说明：如果在“选点”时，已解决相邻测区的接边点，可不执行这步，否则可用该功能解决相邻测区的接边点问题。该功能是用相邻测区的*.dmc文件，计算出相邻测区人工加密点落在本测区范围内的像点坐标，相同点号的点不予计算。产生文件：产生*.jbd文件和新的*.ip文件。*.jbd文件存放在excess目录中。3.23修测或删除计算的相邻测区接边点软件操作：调用“修改坐标” 模块中的“逐点修测接边点”和“删除点”模块中“删除刚计算的接边点”功能。功能说明：计算完相邻测区接边点后，应利用小影像，调用“逐点修测接边点”功能，立即修测这些点的像点坐标。如发现计算有问题，调用“删除刚计算的接边点”功能，也可立即删除。产生文件：产生新的*.ip文件。3.24测区与测区之间接边软件操作：调用“输入信息” 模块中的“输入接边信息*.jb”和“辅助功能”模块中“测区接边”功能。功能说明：在数个周边测区空三加密完成之后，要进行测区与测区的接边工作。首先调用“输入信息” 模块中的“输入接边信息*.jb”功能，在中心区生成接边信息文件*.jb，然后调用 “辅助功能”模块中“测区接边”功能进行测区接边。产生文件：产生*-*.outc文件和新的*.dmc文件。3.25输出最后成果软件操作：调用“辅助功能”模块中“输出最后成果”功能。功能说明：检查加密成果在下工序的定向结果。检查*.abo文件，如有定向超限的点，继续修测。产生文件：产生*.bmc、*-*.md、*.jmd、*.abo、*.ftc+、*.ftc-文件, *-*.md存放在MD子目录中，其他存放在OUT子目录中。如果接边点中（尤其是人工点）含有粗差，返回第3.15、3.16、3.20步，修改接边点的点位。直至整个测区加密工作全部完毕，数据合格。 第四章 数据文件及格式说明在自动空中三角测量生产过程中，产生很多数据文件，各种数据文件说明如下。4．1 测区信息文件“*.inf”“*.INF”文件为测区信息文件，其格式和内容如下：测区名称: 武汉测区作业单位名称: 中国测绘科学研究院测区航线数: 3影像扫描分辨率(mm): 0.02500影像文件格式: TIFF像片边缘扩展常数(mm): 0.00000摄站GPS坐标标志: 0自动点点位分布间隔(mm): 6.00000测区航线排列顺序: 1上下视差限差(mm): 0.02000模型连接平面限差(mm): 0.06000模型连接高程限差系数: 0.04000最大允许高程值(m): 8800.0最小允许高程值(m): 0.0**********************************************************第 1 航线像片数: 8第 1 航线摄影机序号: 1第 1 航线飞行方向标志: 1第 1 航线地形标志: 0第 1 航线概略重叠度: 0.65935第 1 航线摄影比例尺(千): 35.0000043 42 41 40 39 38 37 36**********************************************************第 2 航线像片数: 8第 2 航线摄影机序号: 1第 2 航线飞行方向标志: -1第 2 航线地形标志: 0第 2 航线概略重叠度: 0.67309第 2 航线摄影比例尺(千): 35.0000077 78 79 80 81 82 83 84**********************************************************第 3 航线像片数: 8第 3 航线摄影机序号: 1第 3 航线飞行方向标志: 1第 3 航线地形标志: 0第 3 航线概略重叠度: 0.65000第 3 航线摄影比例尺(千): 35.00000161 160 159 158 157 156 155 154说明：影像文件格式：“TIFF”、“JPG”、“BMP”、“ECW ”“MrSID”格式；摄站GPS坐标标志:“0”为没有摄站GPS坐标，“1”为有摄站GPS概略坐标，“2” 为有摄站GPS精确坐标，“3” 为有摄站GPS精确坐标和三个角元素(360度制)，“4” 为有摄站GPS精确坐标和三个角元素(400度制)；测区航线排列顺序: “1”为航线从上向下排列；“-1”为航线从下向上排列；第i条航线的飞行方向：它由“*.ftc”文件中的框标点位排序所确定，它有四种标志：“ 1”：理论框标点位排序与量测顺序相同，“-1”：理论框标点位排序与量测顺序相差180°，“ 2”：理论框标点位排序与量测顺序相同，但飞行方向相差任意角度，“-2”：理论框标点位排序与量测顺序相差180°，飞行方向相差任意角度；第i条航线的摄影机序号：该航线所使用的摄影机在“*.ftc”文件中的序号； 第i条航线的地形标志：“0”为平坦地形，“1”丘陵地形，“2”山区地形，“3”高山区地形。4．2摄影机信息文件“*.ftc”：“*.ftc”文件是测区所使用的摄影机信息文件，一个测区可以使用数个摄影机，数个摄影机的信息均放在该文件中。该文件格式和内容如下：E1 F1 M1 △MS1 N1X11 Y11X12 Y12· · ·· · ·X18 Y18X10 Y10K11 K12 K13 K14E2 F2 M2 △MS2 N2X21 Y21X22 Y22· · ·· · ·X28 Y28X20 Y20K21 K22 K23 K24· · ·· · ·说明: Ei为第i个摄影机的大气折光差；Fi为第i个摄影机的焦距，单位为mm；Mi为第i个摄影机的框标类型，框标类型共有五种，分别用“0”、“1”、“2”、“3”、“4”表示：“0”：已知四个框标点的理论坐标（适合于四角或边心框标）；“1”：已知四角框标的四条边距，两平行边取中数得Lx、Ly；“2”：已知边心框标的边心距Lx、Ly；“3”：已知四角框标的两对角线距；“4”：已知八个框标点的理论坐标（适合于四角和边心框标同时存在的像机，先放四角、后放边心框标的坐标）；△MS1为框标定向后Ms的限差，单位为mm。Ni为内定向参数的个数，其值为6或8。当只有四个框标时，只能为6；当有八个框标时，可为6或8。Xij、Yij为第i个摄影机第j个框标点的理论坐标，当Mi<4时，框标个数为4，当Mi=4时，框标个数为8。坐标单位为mm，其坐标系和点位排序如图一所示；Kij为第I摄影机物镜畸变差改正系数。☉1 2☉ ☉2y yo x ☉1 o x☉3☉4 3☉ ☉4图 一Xi0、Yi0为第I个摄影机自准轴原点在检定框标坐标系的坐标。4．3大地控制点、摄站控制点坐标文件“*.gd”：“*.gd”文件为测区地面控制点、摄站GPS控制点数据文件，其格式和内容如下：N1 N2 N3 X0 Y0 NE△SC △ZC △SCH △ZCH △SCO △ZCO点号1 X1 Y1 Z1 K1点号2 X2 Y2 Z2 K2· · · · · ·· · · · · ·点号N1 XN1 YN1 ZN1 KN1 XT YT ZT点号S1 XS1 YS1 ZS1 φ1 ω1 κ1点号S2 XS2 YS2 ZS2 φ2 ω2 κ2· · · · ·· · · · ·点号SN2 XSN2 YSN2 ZSN2 φN2 ωn2 κn2说明：N1为地面控制点个数；N2为摄站控制点个数；N3为摄站控制点控制标志，当N3为“0”时，摄站控制点不参与定向，为“1”时，摄站控制点参与定向；NE为大地坐标排放顺序标志：0: N E HNE =1: E N HX0、Y0为控制点平面坐标平移常数，当有摄站DGPS坐标时，其平面坐标也要减去该平移常数，单位为米；△SC、△ZC 为地面定向点残差限差，单位为米；△SCH、△ZCH 为地面检查点残差限差，单位为米；△SCO、△ZCO为航线间公共点残差限差，单位为米；以上六个限差由航测内业规范提供。Xi、Yi、Zi为地面控制点平移后的坐标，坐标系为大地坐标系（左手系，NE=0）或数学坐标系（右手系，NE=1），单位为米。当没有坐标值时，用“0” 填充（如高程控制点没有X、Y 坐标，在X、Y位置放置“0”）；Ki为地面控制点控制标志，控制标志用“0”、“1”、“2”、“3”、“4”表示：“0”：该地面控制点不参与定向，仅作为检查用；“1”：该地面控制点高程参与定向，平面可作检查用；“2”：该地面控制点平面参与定向，高程可作检查用；“3”：该地面控制点平面、高程参与定向；“4”：不用的地面控制点。XT、YT、ZT为机载GPS天线坐标，坐标系为：指向机头方向为X轴正向，指向机顶方向为Z轴正向，指向机身左侧为Y轴正向，单位为米； Xsi、Ysi、Zsi为摄站点的DGPS坐标，与Xi、Yi、Zi为同一坐标系，单位为米；φi、ωi、κi为像片姿态角，单位为度(400度制或360度制)。4．4相对控制数据文件“*.gdr”如果测区中有湖泊、河流或大的运动场时，可以在水面或运动场上测一些点，这些点满足数学的“等面”条件，在光束法整体平差时，这些点可以参与定向，将测区模型置平，它们的作用相当于地面高程定向点的作用，在一定程度上，可以减少地面高程定向点。“*.gdr”文件格式和内容如下：NNX1 NY1 N1点号1 点号2 ······ 点号N1NX2 NY2 N2点号1 点号2 ······ 点号N2· · · · ·· · · · ·说明：N为等面点的组数，最大允许为６组等斜面点组；Ni为第i组等面点的点数，Ni之和不得超过100；点号i为等斜面点的点号；１ △────────────△ ２│~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~→ │ NXi为1││ ＼ │││ ＼ ││↓ ＼ │←NXi、NYi均为1３ △────────────△ ４NYi为1图 二NXi、NYi为X或Y方向的倾斜标志，如在X(或Y)方向上有倾斜，则NXi（或NYi）为反之为0。例如，一条河流平行(或垂直) 于航线方向， 则NXi(或NYi)为1，如果这条河对角线穿过该区，则NXi、NYi均为1，这是考虑到河面有倾斜，假如是湖面(平面)，则NXi、NYi均为0。如图二所示。4．5测区接边文件“*.jb”: “*”为测区名，该文件在调用“输入信息” 模块中的“输入接边信息*.jb”后自动生成。其格式如下：N？:\BLOCK1\BLOCK1.dmc △s1 △z1 DB1？:\BLOCK2\BLOCK2.dmc △s2 △z2 DB2· · · · ·？:\BLOCK2\BLOCKN.dmc △sN △zN DBN说明：N为接边测区的个数；？为接边测区所在的盘号；\BLOCKi\BLOCKi.dmc为BLOCKi测区中BLOCKi.dmc文件（加密点大地坐标文件），路径与文件名可以不一样；△si、△zi为中心测区与第i接边测区的平面、高程接边限差（航测内业规范提供）；DBi为中心测区在残差中占的比重，其值为0—1之间.。4．6框标量测坐标文件“*.kb”:“*”为像片号，“*.kb”为框标量测后产生的框标坐标文件。该文件在调用“内定向”模块中“人工量测框标”或“自动量测框标”功能后产生。其格式如下：Ncam Num IfA0 A1. A2 A3B0 B1 B2 B31 x1 y12 x2 y23 x3 y34 x4 y4X中心 Y中心说明：Ncam为摄影机类型：1 230mm X 230mm 边缘 15mm不可使用Ncam = 2 180mm X 180mm 边缘 10mm不可使用3 130mm X 180mm 边缘 10mm不可使用4 180mm X 130mm 边缘 10mm不可使用Num为框标点数，一般为4；If为飞行方向，与“*.inf”文件说明相同；A0、A1、A2、B0、B1、B2分别为X、Y方向的内定向参数；xi、yi为框标量测坐标，坐标系为栅格坐标系，单位为像元；X中心、Y中心为像片中心点的坐标，单位为像元；4．7框标内定向结果文件“*.outkb”:“*”为测区号，“*.outkb”为框标内定向结果文件。其格式如下：n 像片仿射变换内定向残差(mm):1 X11 Y11 △X11 △Y112 X21 Y21 △X21 △Y213 X31 Y31 △X31 △Y314 X41 Y41 △X41 △Y41Mx= 0.006 My= 0.009 Ms= 0.011（内定向限差） Fk=XXX.XXXn1 像片仿射变换内定向残差(mm):1 X12 Y12 △X12 △Y122 X22 Y22 △X22 △Y223 X32 Y32 △X32 △Y324 X42 Y42 △X42 △Y42Mx= 0.004 My= 0.005 Ms= 0.007（内定向限差） Fk=XXX.XXX· · ·· · ·F = XXX.XXX Fk = XXX.XXX DXmax= 0.009mm DYmax= 0.005mmMXall= 0.007mm MYall= 0.003mm MSall= 0.008mm说明：Xij、Yij为框标理论坐标，单位为mm；△Xij、△Yij为框标内定向坐标残差(理论坐标-观测坐标)，单位为mm；Mx、My、Ms为框标内定向坐标残差中误差，单位为mm；F为理论焦距； Ni为像片号；Fk为框标改正后的焦距；Dxmax、DYmax为全区最大的X、Y残差值；Mxall、Myall、Msall 为全区平均X、Y平面中误差。4.8像点原始坐标文件“左片号—右片号.MD”：在调用“辅助功能”模块中“输出最后成果”功能后产生。其文件格式如下：M1 M2 M3N1 XL1 YL1 XR1 YR1 K1N2 XL2 YL2 XR2 YR2 K2· · · · · ·· · · · · ·Nm2 XLm2 YLm2 XRm2 YRm2 Km2说明：M1为标志，M1 = 1为合格数据，M1 = 0为不合格数据；M2为本像对像点点数；M3为自动点自动编号数；Ni为像点点号，可以由数字和字母组成；XLi、YLi、XRi、YRi为左、右片像点坐标，坐标系为栅格坐标系；Ki为点标志。 0 普通点 显示红色 1 显示灰色本航线向相邻航线转的连接点 显示灰色Ki = 2 相邻航线向本航线转的连接点 显示灰色3 航线内模型连接点 显示绿色8 测图定向控制点 显示黄色4．9像点坐标文件“*??.sd”：是以航线为单位，坐标为框标坐标系的像点坐标文件。“*”为测区名，“??”为航线号，从“01”—“80”。该文件在调用“构件自由网”模块中“航线自动匹配构件航线自由网”、或“测区自动匹配构件测区自由网”功能后产生。文件格式为：f Lx/2 LfM1 P1N11 X11 Y11N12 X12 Y12· · ·· · ·N1m1 X1m1 Y1m1M2 P2N21 X21 Y21N22 X22 Y22· · ·· · ·N2m1 X2m1 Y2m1· · ·· · ·说明：f为该航线摄影机焦距，单位为mm；LX为该航线摄影机1/2框标距，单位为mm；Lf为该航线的飞行方向；Pi为像片号；Mi为Pi像片上的像点数；Xij、Yij为Pi像片上第j点的像点坐标，坐标系为框标坐标系（原点在像片中心），单位为mm。4.10模型点坐标文件“*.??.bct”：是以航线为单位，加密点在航线自由网坐标系中的模型坐标。文件名含义同上。该文件在调用“构件自由网”模块中“航线自动匹配构件航线自由网”、或“测区自动匹配构件测区自由网”功能后产生。文件格式为： M1 M2 Lf M3P1 φ1 ω1 κ1 Xs1 Ys1 Z s1P2 φ2 ω2 κ2 Xs2 Ys2 Z s2· · ·· · ·Pm2 φm2 ωm2 κm2 Xsm2 Ysm2 Zsm2N1 X1 Y1 Z1N2 X2 Y2 Z2· · ·· · ·Nm1 Xm1 Ym1 Zm1说明：M1为该航线独立加密点数；M2为该航线像片数；Lf为飞行方向；M3为该航线像点个数；Pi为像片号；Φi、ωi、κi为像片姿态参数，单位为弧度；Xsi、Ysi、Zsi为摄站点坐标，单位为mm；Ni为加密点点号；Xi、Yi、Zi为加密点的模型坐标，单位为mm。4．11像片中心点坐标文件“*.zhx”：是以测区为单位，“*”为测区名，该文件在调用“内定向”模块中的“人工量测框标”、“自动量测框标”功能后产生。文件格式如下：N MP1 X1 Y1 X中1 Y中1 N1· · · · · ·· · · · · ·Pn Xn Yn X中n Y中n NnNb1 B1 B1s· · ·说明：N为像片数；M为航向基线、旁向基线统计数；Xi、Yi为测区第I张像片影像的行、列数；X中i、 Y中i为测区第I张像片的中心坐标；Ni为测区第I张像片的摄影机类型；Nbi为航线序号；Bi为基线统计数；Bis为基线数。4．12单片像点坐标文件“*.ip”：是以像片为单位，坐标为栅格坐标系的像点坐标文件，“*”为像片号，该文件在调用“选点” 模块中的“选航线拼接点”功能后产生，在“选标准点位点”功能后文件更新。文件格式如下：M1 M2 M3N1 X1 Y1 K1· · · ·· · · ·Nm Xm Ym Km说明：M1为标志，M1 = 1为合格数据，M1 = 0为不合格数据；M2为像片中的像点个数；M3为自动点自动编号数；Ni为像点点号；Xi、Yi为像点坐标；Ki为点标志； 0 单点 显示红色 Ki = 8 测图定向控制点 显示黄色4．13像片中心平面坐标文件“*.sg”：该文件是以测区为单位，表明像片与像片位置关系的文件，“*”为测区名，在调用“选点” 模块中的“选标准点位点”功能后产生。文件格式如下： M1 M2片号1 航线号 X1 Y1 Z1片号2 航线号 X2 Y2 Z2· ·· ·片号n 航线号 Xn Yn Zn说明：Xi、Yi、Zi为像片中心的坐标；M1为加密测区像片数；M2为Xi、Yi精度级别：0：根据航向、旁向重叠度计算的像片中心坐标；1：根据相对定向以后航线自由网坐标计算的像片中心坐标；2：根据光束法平差以后的摄站点坐标计算的像片中心坐标。4．14相对定向信息文件“*??.outs”：这是航线相对定向、模型连接构成航线自由网计算过程的中间信息文件，文件名含义同上。该文件在调用“构件自由网”模块中“航线自动匹配构件航线自由网”或“测区自动匹配构件测区自由网”功能后产生。文件格式如下：航线号:xx 像对名：左片号—右片号 模型点数：xxx 上下视差中误差 = x.xxx(um)相对定向中的粗差：X.XXX(上下视差限差)N1 △q1 N2 △q2······Ni △qi第I模型连接点数：J Ni 模型连接差（平面） 模型平面连接限差 模型连接差（高程） 模型高程连接限差· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·平均中误差 E(Mq)= 18.6um 模型数: 10 连接点中误差: Mx=0.002 My=0.008 Mz=0.019 点数:3912 航线内部的错误同名点: 本航线拼接点:TXXXX TXXXX说明：计算公式为：Mq = [△q△q]/n△q为上下视差，n为点数；Nj为连接点点号；Ni、△qi为上下视差超限点的点号和上下视差残差；4．15多项式整体平差信息文件 “*.outp”：该文件装载多项式整体平差后地面定向点、地面检查点、航线公共点、摄站控制点的坐标残差和中误差信息，用于检测地面控制点、航线连接点的粗差，也用于检测平差精度及上报成果。这是一个很常用的文件。地面定向点、地面检查点、摄站控制点的坐标残差为：外业坐标--内业坐标，航线公共点的坐标残差为：公共点的平均坐标-某一航线公共点的坐标。该文件在调用“整体平差”模块中“多项式”功能后产生。4．16加密点大地坐标文件“*.dmc”和“*.bmc”：*.dmc文件是全区所有加密点的大地坐标数据文件，用于测区与测区的接边，该文件在调用“整体平差”模块中“多项式”或“光束法”功能后产生。*.bmc是用于下一测图工序的定向点坐标文件。该文件在调用“辅助功能”模块“输出最后成果”功能后产生。两文件格式相同，如下所示：Num NEP1 X1 Y1 Z1P2 X2 Y2 Z2· · · ·· · · ·· · · ·PNum XNum YNum Znum说明：Num为所有加密点总点数或测图定向点点数；NE为坐标系标志：NE=0为大地坐标系，NE=1为数学坐标系；P1为加密点点号；Xi、Yi、Zi为加密点的大地坐标。4．17数据传递文件“*.bmsg”：在多项式整体平差后产生，是将数据从多项式平差传递到光束法区域平差的数据传递文件。作业员一般不用。该文件在调用“整体平差”模块中“光束法”功能后产生。4．18粗差点信息文件“*.err”：在多项式平差后产生，是反映航线间连接点、地面定向点、地面检查点残差超限点的信息文件，用于程序删除超限点。作业员一般不用。该文件在调用“整体平差”模块中“多项式”功能后产生。其格式如下：Num1 M1N1 Bz1N2 Bz2· ·· ·Num2 M2N1 Bz1N2 Bz2· ·· ·Num3 M3N1 Bz1N2 Bz2· ·· ·说明：Numi为超限点点数；Mi为超限点类型：Mi=1和4为航线间连接点超限点；Mi=3为地面定向点超限点；Mi=2为地面检查点超限点； Ni为超限点点号；Bzi为超限标志：Bzi=1为高程超限；Bzi=2为平面超限；Bzi=3为平高超限；4.19光束法整体平差信息文件 “*.outb”：该文件是光束法整体平差过程中的所有中间信息和最后的加密精度输出文件，用于各类信息的分析和上交成果。其地面定向点、地面检查点、摄站控制点的坐标残差与“*.outp”相同，其像点坐标残差为：平差后共线方程计算坐标--像点观测坐标。该文件在调用“整体平差”模块中“光束法”功能后产生。4．20像片外方位元素文件*.sel：该文件是象片外方位元素和基线数据文件，角元素以圆400度、360度分划，分、秒以100、90进制形式输出。该文件在调用“整体平差”模块中“光束法”功能后产生。4．21测区接边信息文件“*-*.outc”：该文件是在测区平差结束后，与邻近测区接边时产生的信息文件。该文件在调用“辅助功能”中的“测区接边”功能后产生的，文件格式如下：？:\BLOCK1\BLOCK1 and ？:\BLOCK2\BLOCK2 接边: △s1 △z1d11 d21 dx1=XXXX.XXX dy1=XXXX.XXX dz1=XXXX.XXXd12 d22 dx2=XXXX.XXX dy2=XXXX.XXX dz2=XXXX.XXX· · · ·d1i d2i dxi=XXXX.XXX dyi=XXXX.XXX dzi=XXXX.XXX说明：？为接边中心测区、接边测区所在的硬盘号；△si、△zi为中心测区与接边测区的平面、高程接边限差；d1i为中心测区第i点号，d2i为接边测区第i点号；dxi、dyi、dzi为平面、高程接边差，接边差为中心区坐标-接边区坐标。4．22适普数据信息文件“*.shp”:该文件是在测区平差结束后，单击“辅助功能”中“输出适普数据”功能产生的，文件格式如下：第一条航线理论焦距左片号—右片号点数加密点点号 左片象点坐标（X、Y） 右片象点坐标（X、Y） · · · · · · · · 第二条航线理论焦距左片号—右片号点数加密点点号 左片象点坐标（X、Y） 右片象点坐标（X、Y） · · · · · · · · 第N条航线理论焦距左片号—右片号点数加密点点号 左片象点坐标（X、Y） 右片象点坐标（X、Y） · · · · · · · · 4．23模型绝对定向残差信息文件“*.abo”该文件是在调用“辅助功能”中“输出最后成果”功能产生的，文件格式如下： △s △z 模型 * - * 绝对定向残差： 点数 N1 点号：X11 Y11 Z11· · · · · ·· · · · · ·点号：Xn1 Yn1 Zn1 MX=XXX.XXX MY=XXX.XXX MZ=XXX.XXX模型 * - * 绝对定向残差： 点数（N2） 点号：X12 Y12 Z12· · · · · ·· · · · · ·点号：Xn2 Yn2 Zn2 MX=XXX.XXX MY=XXX.XXX MZ=XXX.XXX说明：△si、△zi为测图定向平面、高程限差。 第五章 菜单功能键击活说明 在程序中，几乎所有菜单功能都带有保护功能，即在条件不允许时，不能调用该功能(封死)，以免作业员作业时，误点菜单功能出现死机现象。但相应又带来不利情况，即作业员想调用某功能时，该功能又被封死，在对该程序操作不是很熟练的情况下，作业员不知如何击活该功能。因此，以下对各功能的击活条件加以说明。在说明之前，先介绍“进程参数”的概念，该“进程参数”在击活功能上，起到非常大的作用：进程参数=0，什麽都没做，测区中只有“*.inf”文件；进程参数=1，测区中增加了“*.ftc”文件；进程参数=2，测区中所有的影象文件到位；进程参数=3，生成金字塔影象；进程参数=4，框标量测、内定向完成；进程参数=5，选完航线拼接点(按航线与航线之间2个‘T’点计算)；进程参数=6，相对定向完成(最少做完“航线自动匹配构建航线自由网”)；进程参数=7，有“*.gd”文件，且文件不为空。进程参数=8，做完“删除误差较大的自动点”，生成“*.jin”文件。⒌⒈“辅助功能”模块1．“用户目录”功能：永远是击活状态。2．“查锁信息”功能： 永远是击活状态。3. “输出保密点小影像”功能： “*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；进程参数>7。4. “输出所有人工点小影像”功能： “*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；进程参数>7。5. “输出最后成果”功能： 在OUT子目录中有*.dmc文件；在EXCESS子目录中有Control.err文件；进程参数>7。6．“测区接边”功能： 进程参数>7。7．“输出日本数据”功能： 进程参数>7。8．“输出GCP.RES文件”功能：在EXCESS子目录中有Control.err文件；进程参数>7。9．“大区数据合并”功能： 在OUT子目录中有*.bmc文件；进程参数>7。10．“输出适普数据”功能：进程参数>7。11．“DOS 命令”功能： 永远是击活状态。⒌⒉“输入信息”模块“输入信息”模块中的四个功能，永远是击活状态。⒌⒊“影像处理”模块1.“TIFF、BMP格式转ECW格式”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数必须是“TIFF”或“BMP”；进程参数>0。2.“TIFF、BMP彩色影像转灰度影像”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数必须是“TIFF”或“BMP”；进程参数>0。3.“制作影像金字塔”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；进程参数>1。⒌⒋“内定向”模块1.“人工量测框标”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；进程参数>2。2.“自动量测框标”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；进程参数>2。⒌⒌“选点”模块1.“选航线拼接点”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；进程参数>3。2.“选标准点位点”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；进程参数>4。3.“人工转点”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；进程参数>4。4.“分解数据”功能：必须要有MD子目录；MD子目录中至少要有一个*-*.md文件；在DAT子目录中不能有*.ip文件。⒌⒍“构建自由网”模块1.“航线自动匹配构建航线自由网”功能：进程参数>4。2.“测区自动匹配构建测区自由网”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；进程参数>4。3.“计算地面控制点在像片上的位置”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；进程参数>6；在EXCESS子目录中没有*.rel、*.tp和*.kz文件；量测有三个以上的地控点。4.“计算地面三角点在像片上的位置”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；进程参数>7；在EXCESS子目录中没有*.rel、*.tp和*.kz文件；在*.gd文件中有点号以“S”起头的三维坐标点。5.“计算旁向人工点”功能：“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；进程参数>7；在EXCESS子目录中没有*.tp文件。6.“计算相邻测区接边点的像点坐标”功能：“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；进程参数>7；在EXCESS子目录中没有*.rel、*.tp和*.jbd文件。7.“用GPS和IMU反算地控点的大地坐标”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”、“GPS标志”参数>2；进程参数>4；*.gd文件中的DGPS点个数与像片数相等。⒌⒎“编辑*.ip文件”模块1.“显示检索影像”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；进程参数>4。2.“改变*.ip文件标志”功能：在DAT子目录中，每张像片都必须有一个*.ip文件，且每个*.ip文件中的点数>9。3.“重编自动点点号”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；进程参数>5。4.“修改人工点号”功能：作业过程中，测过人工点。5.“设定测图定向点”功能：进程参数>7。6.“自动选择保密点”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；进程参数>7；在人工点号中不能有“B0000”。7.“保密点还原”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；在EXCESS子目录中有*.bm文件，且文件不为空。⒌⒏“修改坐标”模块1.“逐点大修测(B)”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；作业过程中，测过人工点。2.“逐点微修测(S)”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；作业过程中，测过人工点。3.“修测相对定向粗差点”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；在EXCESS子目录中有相对定向粗差信息文件*.rel。4.“逐点修测旁向点”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；在EXCESS子目录中有旁向粗差点文件*.tp。5.“逐点修测保密点”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；在EXCESS子目录中有保密点文件*.bm。6.“逐点修测地控点”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；在EXCESS子目录中有地面控制点文件*.kz。7.“逐点修测‘M’和‘Z’点”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；进程参数>5。8.“逐点修测接边点”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；在EXCESS子目录中有接边点文件*.jbd；进程参数>7。⒌⒐“删除点”模块1.“删除 *.ip 文件中的人工点”功能：作业过程中，测过人工点。2.“删除计算的像片上的地面控制点”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；在EXCESS子目录中有不为空的*.kz文件。3.“删除所有自动旁向点”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；进程参数>5。4.“删除超限的自动旁向点”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；进程参数>5；在EXCESS子目录中有粗差点文件*.err。5.“删除、修测高程异常点”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；在EXCESS子目录中有异常高程点文件*.fgc；进程参数>7。6.“删除自动点”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；进程参数>4。7.“删除误差较大的自动点”功能：进程参数>6。8.“删除三片自动点”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；进程参数>4。9.“删除单点”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；进程参数>5。10.“删除刚计算的接边点”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；进程参数>7；在EXCESS子目录中有文件*.jbd。⒌⒑“整体平差”模块“整体平差”模块中的“多项式”功能，击活条件都是：进程参数>6；“光束法”功能，击活条件都是：进程参数>7。⒌⒒“各种检测”模块1.“检测影像文件”功能：进程参数>0。2.“影像检查及处理”功能：“*.inf”文件中的“影像文件格式”参数不能是“W”；进程参数>2；测区所有像片的影像金字塔文件都能找到。3.“检查内定向成果”功能：进程参数>3；在EXCESS子目录中有*.kbmap文件。4.“检查‘T’点位”功能：作业过程中，测过‘T’点；进程参数>3。5.“检查标准点位人工点”功能：作业过程中，测过人工点；进程参数>4。6.“检查地面控制点位”功能：作业过程中，测过*.gd文件中的地面控制点。7.“检查测图定向点”功能：进程参数>7。8.“检查保密点”功能：进程参数>7；作业过程中测过或自动选过“B”点。9.“最终点位图”功能：进程参数>7；在EXCESS子目录中有ManualPoints.Map文件。#p#分页标题#e#
空中三角测量作业步骤,三角测量怎么做 测绘测量 admin 未知 2010-09-14 13:40 SuperMap 日本超图株式会社简介
http://www.gispark.com/html/jichu/2010/0914/3087.html
SuperMap 日本超图株式会社是超图软件在海外的重要分支机构，日本市场是超图软件实施国际化战略的重要基地，日本超图株式会社于2000年7月在日本东京正式成立，从此SuperMap在日本跨出了第一步。 目前，日本超图已经成为日本主要GIS服务商之一，拥有1400多家用户单位和 SuperMap 日本超图株式会社是超图软件在海外的重要分支机构，日本市场是超图软件实施国际化战略的重要基地，日本超图株式会社于2000年7月在日本东京正式成立，从此SuperMap在日本跨出了第一步。
目前，日本超图已经成为日本主要GIS服务商之一，拥有1400多家用户单位和数十家二次开发商、SPN合作伙伴，其中包括三菱电机、NEC Soft、NTT、PASOMAP株式会社、日本铁路等大批知名企业和政府机关客户以及十余个的世界五百强企业，覆盖了日本国土交通省、总务省、环境省、农林水产省和经济产业省等所有需要GIS支持的政府等重要行业领域。与此同时，SuperMap GIS也作为唯一来自亚太地区的产品跻身日本市场GIS平台五强，成为了日本GIS市场的知名品牌。
从2003年开始，超图软件就和日本超图展开了技术人才等方面的全面合作，为此超图软件成立了日本业务中心，专门针对日本市场的技术开发、产品日本化提供技术支持，现已形成了日本札幌八国峰会危机管理系统、日本日立全球建筑机械监控系统、东日本铁路公司地理信息系统等多个大型GIS项目，大大加强了SuperMap GIS产品和技术服务的日本本地化能力，为SuperMap GIS技术在日本市场走得更快、更稳提供了有力保障。
SuperMap在日本市场的成功开拓，为超图软件实现“中国智造”的国际性GIS品牌目标打下了坚实基础。作为国产GIS企业的优秀代表，超图软件将以更加开阔的视野、更加坚实的步伐继续深耕国际市场，推动地理信息产业蓬勃发展，并为国产软件全面走向国际化铺平前进的道路。
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She knew nothing of the men Zhang jordan shoes Yueran read the afathera of a text, not just Zhang Yueran know, I do too, I know nothing about men. aFathera of Zhang nike shoes Yueran, as long childhood in a relationship with his father s estrangemen She knew nothing of the men Zhang jordan shoes Yueran read the afathera of a text, not just Zhang Yueran know, I do too, I know nothing about men. aFathera of Zhang nike shoes Yueran, as long childhood in a relationship with his father s estrangement, making her later in life to men knew nothing about. Because her father s eyes to see ablinda, so grow up later contacts with men, not conscious of the demonstration of the father within the heart and tug of war that nike shoes field. This is a man ignorant of its source. morality is the enemy of art, pure art is evil - please note that evil is not the word with any moral judgments. aa Mother dead in my adolescence, my mother became forever the moral, so I cried when my ugg sale mother is my heart for my own moral criticism of pain, both in fact and even accompanied with the ugg slippers Combined Health . aa strong moral sense is one of my problems, but today I finally know the problem is ugg sale how to penetrate my life, how to increase my pain - if morality is a devil sneaked into my authentic ugg heart, I finally found him in the end is a place where they live. a Yan Song and as a person, also from the town, a strong sense of morality to a large extent influenced my life. Parents are also to education with a series of moral person I was growing up, and ugg classic cardy morality have been unknowingly seep into my life, influenced my view of things. Therefore, the truth is that a strong sense of morality to be my normal contacts with the shackles of man, leading man I know nothing women ugg boots about. So, a strong sense of morality is ugg outlet how it affects the normal exchanges between me and men do? All contacts from the boys and girls talk about this sensitive topic. We all know that boys and girls in the student (excluding students) contact is prohibited, or is not understandable. And my own uggs on sale strong sense of morality in this matter let me shy away. To eliminate any potential of ugg boots australia this phenomenon may be, I unconsciously try to avoid contact with the boys. Even, I refuse ugg boots chestnut contact with the boys. This phenomenon with me growing more authentic ugg serious, when I had become a woman, when I already have a mature thought, I gradually discovered the seriousness of the problem, I know nothing about air jordan 8 men, I do not know how to get along with jordan retro 1 men. In fact, I such a strong cheap prada shoes sense of morality is completely nonsense light, because it is not so much concerned with morality than with the hypocrisy about it. It is not true morality, but rather pseudo-moral. We often confuse the two concepts is the amorala and apseudo-morality.a aPseudo-moralitya is not prada equivalent to amorality.a So, what is the apseudo-morala mean? When a person s sense of morality against the strong to the normal sheepskin footwear human and **** when it is often pseudo-moral character. aNotre Dame de Parisa in the Father Claude was made because of false morality and hurt others hurt their own affairs. Similarly, this also happened to me, because the reasons for their discount ugg boots strong sense of morality, I made a cover, a binding interaction of the cap itself and cheap nfl jerseys the men then set their own yard to cover, until one day, and Yen Like Google, I found this cover is how to penetrate my life, influenced me growing into my normal contacts with the shackles of man. In fact, this cap is the morality, precisely, it is the pseudo morality, it has nothing to do with morality. The shackles of a strong sense of morality, growing social soccer jerseys background of the negative men, and the indifference of their own character, these men and I have created a gap in wholesale football jerseys the communication process, I was deeply aware of how they affect my life. I still remember in high school, boys would like to borrow my L but not by English newspapers, but only to C to help take things, like not a few examples. They make me reflect on their own, reflect on their own growth problems arising in the course. Understand these later, I hope they can sheepskin shoes gradually in subsequent days and the boys learn to get along and normal contacts. Only in this way can we better foothold in society. After all, modern society, study its nature and human social interaction. 西藏自治区地图 p56rtp56rt 2010-09-14 01:07 Viburnum in May under the Yangzhou
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Viburnum in May under the Yangzhou Yangzhou jordan shoes said, I am impressed the ancient city is nothing less than a a beautiful ancient Yangzhoua At first Emperor to Quwang Yangzhou jordan shoes a romantica and excavated the Grand Canal, 3000 beau Viburnum in May under the Yangzhou Yangzhou jordan shoes said, I am impressed the ancient city is nothing less than a a beautiful ancient Yangzhoua At first Emperor to Quwang Yangzhou jordan shoes a romantica and excavated the Grand Canal, 3000 beautiful boat pulled for the Emperor, that what a spectacular scene. Warring States Period, the world is divided into jordan shoes nine large concrete administrative divisions, collectively, the a Kyushua , Yangzhou is one of them, can see its very long history. Our tour ugg boots guide was a true Yangzhou, Yangzhou, she told us about the three a cardsa , the first is the thinly veiled Yangzhou fried rice, I accidentally ate one, do not know if authentic, feel there is no legend so delicious, but still will sell well; second card legend is proud of Yangzhou, former President Jiang ugg boots Moumou, Yangzhou is their home, former residence is said to Jiangmou ugg boots australia famous tourist attractions ; third card is like a the United Nations Habitat Award Citya , is said to Yangzhou is a place fit for human habitation, throughout history, Yangzhou ugg sale is really a outstanding, talented people in place, out of a lot of celebrities, such as Bai, Du Mu and Su Shi, Ouyang Xiu, Zheng Banqiao, Ziqing and other well-known poets as well as Shi Kefa such a patriotic general, not only that, said that Italian explorer Marco Polo also served three years in Yangzhou. Then we should talk about the a Eight ugg sheepskin boots Eccentricsa , and first of all say that the a eighta , in fact, a Eight Eccentricsa boot ugg which a total of 15 individuals, the a Eighta Most people would be understood as an imaginary number, it is ugg store not true, Yangzhou dialect is very strange that a person will say a You people are eight strange ah!a So the a eighta is just a transliteration ugg shoes of the word only. a Strange,a the word is somewhat derogatory in the Qing Dynasty, it used a dozen crank the words now is a non-mainstreama , most of them have rocky twists and turns of life experience, the archetype of the conception, original style ugg slippers of the techniques with ease of stroke and Terry high target behavior, is incompatible with the ugg chestnut environment at the time of. Yangzhou three knives, the world-famous Yangzhou ugg cardy kitchen knives, knife pedicure, haircut knife. Yangzhou cuisine that is Huai Yang, one of China s four major styles of cooking, cooking technique known to Seiko secret agents, a kitchen knife technology standard stress, tofu can be cut into filaments. Yangzhou jordan 5 pedicure knife can be said to fame, resounded through the country, from technology and medicine, the air jordan 8 technology and the arts, the gold content is quite high. Emperor leather shoes Qianlong of Yangzhou barber knife was a coming to a decision of a product knife.a Emperor Qianlong six down the south, six tour of Yangzhou, the barber management braided hair with a knife is in Yangzhou, Yangzhou barber delicate Daogong unique, light brings tears, cotton exciting gucci moment, such as the spring breeze was blowing, like goose feather stitch heart, so he is good enough was a I do not know where this body to have been with the tour Jiuxiao razor.a Our tour itinerary is still very tight in the morning sheepskin shoes I first went to the Grand Canal, known as Dongguan Ferries, said to be dug by King Wu then went to Yangzhou more well-known a rule of spring and Societya , eat a relatively well-known soup, this soup to my surprise, there are two places to eat the soup discount ugg first, use the straw, the second is actually selling for ten dollars a soup, really incredible. Satiated, we went to Yangzhou Han Tombs Court, that discount nfl jerseys the tomb of Han Guang Lingwang, for the first time I saw a lot of priceless antiques, including that a very precious jade dress, and the invention of the legendary Zhuge Kong Ming Improving Connected Crossbows the same as machine guns. Han cheap nba jerseys Tomb Museum is located in Yangzhou Guangling Wang Shu Gang southern edge of the ancient city ruins, an area of 27,000 square meters, the museum topography, verdant forests, building forceful, is a financial heritage as one of the throwback jerseys cemetery and garden-style museum. Central exhibition hall the first generation of Guangling Wang Han Liu Xu s tomb, an Imperial-class a Yellow intestinal problems Minatoa wooden outer coffin tomb, ancient notes, a Huang Minato intestinal problema sheepskin ugg boots after the skin is yellow cedar heart tired in the coffin, the said as a yellow intestines,a wood are inward, is called a problems Minato.a Large-scale, structured, is the country one of the rare large Han tombs, a lapse of 2000 years of history. 新疆维吾尔自治区地图 p56rtp56rt 2010-09-14 01:05 Love his girlfriend memories
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Love his girlfriend memories And his girlfriend jordan shoes first met in 2008 in Guangzhou, general volunteer agency awards ceremony, when she was the venue of the ceremony, and I just responsible for this area. If you want a closer look at the sta Love his girlfriend memories And his girlfriend jordan shoes first met in 2008 in Guangzhou, general volunteer agency awards ceremony, when she was the venue of the ceremony, and I just responsible for this area. If you want a closer look at the starting point for my girlfriend feeling that this encounter is not really the beginning of jordan shoes our love story written in the beginning from the library, from the Pearl River shore thin gentle obscurity of nike shoes the night talking about. By the end of June 2007, this time for the nike shoes family of our students is simply a nightmare, because the term will face a difficult test. I have been busy volunteer agencies and other students work, usually very hard to learn alone. Taking advantage of the end of two weeks of review time, I have some uggs sale people in the QQ group on to the library together. My girlfriend, it is so difficult in my life review and ugg classic cardy examination. If the library is preparing to place the most sacred place of love, I think most people will not deny. Go to the library with his girlfriend in two weeks, we had a very dull life, learning, exam, eat, drink occasionally sneak in somewhere. In this type of love is full of foam society, the two weeks we have made no mention of the feelings, but I always genuine ugg boots thought that her silence on my feelings of support and pay me happily finished the period 14 days Reading 14 bible, examination 14 days ugg of field testing. Later, when the end of ugg boots exams, I propose to exam, went to walk beside Pearl River, the way to the sand to see, and she readily agreed to me. Thus, story begins with the Pearl River shore to the beginning of another happy. July 11, 2008, My girlfriend and I ugg boots started the day a pleasant trip, first walk along the shore of Pearl River, then traveled to the Er Sha Island. To the island after it began to rain just days. Walking in the rain, This is how we walk in a strange but graceful streets. To dusk, we left the Er Sha Island, in the sand near ugg boots sale a small restaurant after eating something, but also happy to set foot on the ugg outlet sand warm sentimental piece of land. Since then, the Pearl River, I had a kind heart will be an unforgettable feeling. This feeling, perhaps due to his girlfriend of that warm and romantic journey. I later wrote an article on the Pearl River, which it said: That night, we visit the island for a long time, and the atmosphere quite pleasant. Tired, we have a chair in the Pearl River shore break. Later, we also cross the river by ugg tall boat to the Fangcun, a little taste of the White Swan Pond Street style bar atmosphere. back to the school bus, she was quietly sleeping in my arms, sleep strange stability, seems to have had one day to the fatigue landed. Later, she became my cardy boot girlfriend. Perhaps the warmth in my heart of jordan 1 Pearl River, contamination of the atmosphere of so many innocent girlfriend. Still later, My girlfriend and I walk jordan 6 through the good and the Pearl River shore in the night several times, in the hazy night in the romantic feelings of the sand. 2009, my birthday, we went to the Er Sha Island photography, art on the island brought about through pure and bright day. The beginning of love is always filled gucci shoes for men with a lot of sweet stories, and more may tolerate elaborate, like the sky of stars, like people feel good and moving, but life is always full of so many setbacks and hardships, these sweet stories bitter than the story, to school life, she was no excess of the leather shoes survival experience, and experience, but when I Xuyao her, she gave me the best sheepskin ugg boots care, comfort. silent to pay her, it gives me energy and discount boots physical fitness led more than 60 small press in an interview within six days of swingman jerseys nearly 100 Appraising report object to write 10 thousand words in an interview with news draft, it is also discount nhl jerseys an effective and successful because of the interviews, I received the 2008 Guangzhou voluntary advanced individuals award. Elsie I am by nature a person, but can not be called a poet, but also far from romantic. July 11, 2009, at the first anniversary of our love, I am prepared for her a special gift. A special paper, headers and footers swingman jerseys with her favorite pink that were written on two words: In the past year extraordinary is unusual for me, is your courage that I came Enron ; Tonight, we ask you to lie down quietly into my mind, I feel the warmth and imaginative. And stationery in snow boots the middle, 四川省地图 p56rtp56rt 2010-09-14 01:02 Operating life is an art
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Operating life is an art When the light jordan shoes climbed up the heart of sadness, helplessness into the habit of life, we will feel the impact of their emotions and many regrets. Forgive Ye Hao, remorse worth mentioning, want to find some comfor Operating life is an art When the light jordan shoes climbed up the heart of sadness, helplessness into the habit of life, we will feel the impact of their emotions and many regrets. Forgive Ye Hao, remorse worth mentioning, want to find some comfort reasons. However, almost no other image of a complete appreciation of his life, perhaps the difference nike shoes is more deep ditch plan to open a Road to allow us to acquire endless real ugg confusion. We do not expect too much luxury, at least in ugg on sale the ideal garden hypocritical, do not want to show the magnificent flowers, will not have to put that point of light in ugg sale the desolate heart. However, only after it knows, even if there are 10 000 road are brilliant rainbow way, our thinking can not write terminal. Step by step, little by little, experience, perception Heaven, Earth and the Ultimate Maximum, moved science and art of the wonderful women ugg boots show, I feel we are honor students at this time? Is the glory? Or continue to wake up rational thinking? Perhaps ugg we have been chosen, have considerable experience, is ugg classic cardy more forward than the more feel very small? Is not the tears and buy ugg boots sweat to write the oath is so shallow? Perhaps we judge the results again and again was thrown ugg sell behind. This time, we had to sit down and discuss life. Meaning and value of life can not we question has uggs sale been included in the heritage of symphony singing every day. But we are moving in the process, how many people ugg shoes run their own lives have had fine arts building? I would like to have, but not the majority. Maybe we ugg sale will survive the first place, living a natural increase in the material and spiritual configuration swap second place. Maybe no one thought it good to have money home this fact, but no one will deny that the rich artistic life ugg sale and life are two different things. We are experienced in development, artistic life, is intelligent life exists the potential has not been exploited and used is air jordan 9 regrettable; and decorate their lives with the economy, a kind of beautiful cover with another beautiful, really sad . Some people may doubt the spirit of disposable material in the work, in expanding the truth, but to believe that each of the times required by the art of life is different. As a rule, people divided into three stages of ljordan 11 ife: youth, middle age, old age. This general pattern is natural, clear to everyone. Because we are surviving only within a century, from learning and growing to the dedication, from the proliferation of breeding heir to the aging die are numbered. I think everyone wanted to prada shoes live the dream of all the wonderful. This can only be more exciting, the regret of their choice, for others it was enough to understand recognition. But to do this very easily. Because we are living in the same society, receive inheritance from the conceptualization prada shoes for men of norms has led not easy to show all its thinking, most people quietly be forgotten. This is quite snow boots upset, not incompetent. In fact, every age has its own wonderful parts, each part of the art of life is reproduction. With an abundance of complex social situation and well-managed and their life became the subject topic. Art is a phenomenon than the reality, she was the classic ugg boots wisdom of the wonderful performance in different areas. To performance, we must have self-confidence, a healthy discount mlb jerseys body, there must be proficient skills, have a clean break of decay, the courage to dare, to cheap jerseys have the advanced thinking of armed and so on, with their own personal experience to show its share of God-given talent. Even if all efforts come to nothing, we can at least comfort themselves with pride, holds you back, not worry about people discount jerseys blaming Heaven. This topic can only be sealed in his heart, he knew how to run, so understanding of their own is most sensible reason. Construction of artistic life, is the spirit of the area cultivated flowers. Material very prosperous society today, personalized art of life is different from the rational pursuit of Zhang Xian. Common sense behind the times, could not ugg australia boots understand to appreciate, all the thinking has been divided barrier, into a diversified, generally able to adapt to the new world pattern has been formed. How we run ourselves, naturally rational face. 西藏自治区地图 p56rtp56rt 2010-09-14 00:58 Guilin love a small
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Guilin love a small After dinner, we jordan shoes walk in Yangshuo West Street. Yangshuo West Street is the first contact ugg australia with Western cultures in Yangshuo and integration, the sides of low brick houses left behind by the Qing ugg boot Guilin love a small After dinner, we jordan shoes walk in Yangshuo West Street. Yangshuo West Street is the first contact ugg australia with Western cultures in Yangshuo and integration, the sides of low brick houses left behind by the Qing ugg boots sale Dynasty, white expanse of red window, a trace of Lingnan architecture is simple and elegant. Are only two ugg boots sale three-storey house in the trees against the backdrop of a more elegant look. Some ugg sale houses built in the mountains on foot, I looked up with her daughter, that is not connected into a mountain, but a separate seat, as if uggs uk the ground roots of a stalagmite, which is almost 90-degree slope, see not a road go up, but when I see some foreigner in rock climbing. I actually saw the accident is a transmission tower on a hilltop, looking at the steep walls of rock, I can not imagine how they put these women ugg things shipped to their work. Street visitors cardy ugg boots many shops on both sides filled with all kinds of gadgets, or plain buy ugg or elegant, as kind of a leisurely attract the attention of visitors. Tour guide told us, here s something more ugg cardy grey expensive than outside, because the rent here is expensive, if the buy gadgets, we have farmers living in the street uggs pushing tricycles to sell them the same, but the price cheaper. Therefore, we only look ugg classic cardy and did not intend to buy, ask the price, and sure enough several times more expensive than outside. While this, but there classic cardy are still many people in bargaining. In addition to the shops to jordan 23 buy gadgets, the West is the most unique bar and, after a bar not far from there, which drove an ambiguous light, stood piano, singing softly floating gucci shoes with, each bar are filled with exotic looks, full of romance. Some place in the second floor balcony table, and sat there, drinking coffee varieties with red wine, enjoy the scenic Lijiang River, the kind of leisure, that such pursuits, and you will not gucci shoes for men change the past. No wonder that foreigners in the West just followed your own home, really a lot of foreigners along the way with his wife and children in the walk, the way to see them happy, really did not think of myself as an outsider. In addition to several shops in the history of ugg australia boots West Street, the residents are mostly farmers, for a long time maintained a "half-half is the village shop for business, for farming," the semi-commercial farming conditions, the present West Street, has been is a tourism services, and is said to most of cheap ugg shoes the operators speak English, people often can see the West fluent in English and Western tourists to do business or chat, or even more than 70 years old or ten-year-old woman children, all in English with the "foreigner" who pull gung few. In the Mountains of the cowboys jerseys Moon, there is a peasant woman, we now call her "Mother Moon", her 60-year-old learning English, is now able to speak 8 languages, that have called us by surprise. Of course, Yangshuo s Mandarin is also right in saying that holding a small stool, put a bag touting discount football jerseys a nice old lady also spoke Mandarin. Across West Street, in the Li River side, there is a long stall, there is also arrayed with the West about the same things, but for the price much cheaper, and daughter, seen here with cheap and good-looking gadgets, happy to choose to choose to go, best bought a few just happy to leave. It is said that 70 years in many Western tourists enjoying authentic jerseys the scenery after the Lijiang River, Yangshuo came inadvertently into the West, found that among this Qishanxiushui, actually there is such a charming side street. These Westerners as the year Columbus discovered the New World, as have the novel and on cheap football jerseys the West superficial impression was published in the Western countries travel guide books, from West Street on the famous offshore. The noise from the busy and fast-paced, here is an open harbor, you can wash immense fatigue, foreigners so obsessed and linger on the West. There in a couple of days, there lived ten days a month, or even to live six ugg australian boots months or years; Street s reputation is also getting louder and louder, was indeed both rich traditional Chinese culture and a distinct Western features a unique atmosphere of the streets. West Street, a dark blue stone road, two rows of the Qing Dynasty inherited the low brick houses, but also maintained a simple, plain reveals a fascinating Gumao, Qiaojiao eaves, carved beams show a faint patina, distribution of the concentration concentration of ancient incense. 西藏自治区地图 p56rtp56rt 2010-09-14 00:56 Memories of our old father
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数字化测绘技术是伴随着计算机、网络技术的发展及测量仪器的智能化而兴起的一门新兴的测绘技术。数字中国、数字城市等概念的提出以及相关数字化工程的启动,特别是全球定位系统(GPS)、地理信息系统(GIS)、摄影测量与遥感(RS)以及数字化测绘和地面测量先进技术的发展,使 数字化测绘技术是伴随着计算机、网络技术的发展及测量仪器的智能化而兴起的一门新兴的测绘技术。数字中国、数字城市等概念的提出以及相关数字化工程的启动,特别是全球定位系统(GPS)、地理信息系统(GIS)、摄影测量与遥感(RS)以及数字化测绘和地面测量先进技术的发展,使工程测量的手段和方法产生了深刻的变化。工程测量的服务领域也相应进一步延伸,而且正朝着测量数据采集和处理的自动化、实时化和数字化方向发展。
一、数字化测绘技术的优点
1.它可以通过计算机的模拟,在屏幕上直观生动地(分层)反映出地形、地貌特征以及地籍要素,而且一目了然,基本上改变和弥补了传统产品线条、符号和数字、文字等综合包罗,非具一定专业知识才能读懂的缺陷。
2.数字化测绘产品在使用、维护和更新上具有方便快捷的特性,能够随时保持产品信息的现势性,可以随时补充修改,随时出新图提供使用。
3.根据不同用户的需要,可以对产品的各种要素进行数据再加工,得到不同用途的图件,而且还可以随意对图形进行拼接、缩放,用途更广泛。
4.利用数字化(地形、地籍)测绘成果,作为底图,可在计算机上进行各种规划与设计(如土地资源开发规划和城市道路网的设计等),可方便地进行许多方案的设计与比较,对各种要素的统计、汇总、叠加、分析也方便、准确。在计算机的帮助下,大大提高了测绘生产作业的自动化、科学化、规范化程度,数字化测绘产品的应用水平也将达到新的高度。除此以外,在其他方面还显示出很多优越性,但从以上几点足以可见数字化(地形、地籍)测绘很符合现代社会信息的要求,是现代测绘的发展方向。因而,以前以传统测绘为主的专业测绘单位,现在是以发展数字化测绘技术作为发展的目标与方向。
二、数字化测绘中作业模式的选择问题
数字化测绘设备是全站仪加电子手簿或电子平板,作业分为编码方法和无码方法。编码方法在记录测量数据时必须按碎部点的类型及相互间几何关系输入特征编码,作业员不仅要熟记编码,为正确输入编码,测站与棱镜间还需要较多有关测点的信息交流,因此作业速度慢。尤其当地形复杂、通视困难、对一个地物的测量是不连续的,甚至要经过几个测站的观测才能完成时,作业难度大,出错机会多。无码作业则不需输入任何编码,代之以绘制草图记录所测点位及相邻关系。测站与棱镜间联络较少,测站照准目标操作电子手簿驱动全站仪测取数据后,只需向棱镜处作业员报告碎部点号而已。具有平板测图知识的作业员随棱镜现场绘制草图,轻松且不易出错。测图工作实际上主要在棱镜处进行,测站观测速度很快,一台全站仪可观测2~3个棱镜,相当2~3个图板的平板测图。所以无码作业方法更容易为测量人员所接受。数字化测绘记录设备过去以电子手簿为主,但目前有关电子平板的介绍、报道较多。所谓内外业一体化的作业方法,即利用电子平板(便携机)在野外实现碎部点展绘成图被描绘成最先进的方法。但实际上若电子平板与全站仪联机则由于通视不一定好,加之数字化测图测程较远,绘图员在电子平板上编辑绘图很困难。若靠远距离观察辅之以镜站作业员的描述来绘图,则不仅对电子平板绘图员的技术、经验要求较高,且既慢又容易出错。就这一点而言,类似传统的平板测图的作业方法,不同之处仅在于不需展点、计算机编辑代替手工绘图而已。为解决这一问题,市场上推出了遥控电子平板。虽然采用遥控平板可使绘图员随棱镜现场绘图,但设备投资远高于电子手簿。野外作业速度也低于电子手簿加草图方法。实际上是付出高昂的代价以外业时间换取内业时间。若考虑到野外作业条件艰苦,作业人员的愿望恰恰相反；即宁愿用内业时间换取外业时间。加之电子平板还有恶劣条件下可靠性差,携带不如电子手簿方便的缺点。所以大多数情况下,尤其是复杂地区,电子手簿加草图方法仍是最适合的作业方法。
三、数字化测绘技术在地籍测量中的应用 #p#分页标题#e#
1.数字测图的主要内容
1.1原图数字化
当一个地区需要用到数字地形图而一时因经费困难或受到时间等原因的限制时,该方法是最适宜的。它能够充分利用现有的地形图,仅需配备计算机、数字化仪或扫描仪、绘图仪再配以数字化软件就可以开展工作,并且可以在很短的时间内获得数字化成果。它的工作方法有两种:手扶跟踪数字化及扫描矢量化,其中后一种的精度、效率更高。但是,利用该方法所获得的数字地图其精度因受原图精度的影响,加上数字化过程中所产生的各种误差,因而它的精度要比原图的精度差。而且它所反映的只是白纸成图时地表上各种地物地貌,现时性不是很好。所以它仅能作为一种应急措施而非长久之计。为了充分利用该法得到数字地图,可通过修测、补测等方法,实测一部分地物点的精确坐标,再用这些点的坐标代替原来的坐标,通过调整,可在一定程度上提高原图的精度。而随着地图的不断更新,实测坐标的增加,地图的精度也就会相应地得到提高。
1.2地面数字测图
在没有合乎要求的大比例尺地图的地区,可直接采用地面数字测图的方法,该方法也称为内外业一体化数字测图,是我国目前各测绘单位用得最多的数字测图方法。采用该方法所得到的数字地图的特点是精度高,只要采取一定的措施,重要地物相对于邻近控制点的精度控制在5cm内是可以做到的。
1.3航测数字成图
当一个地区(或测区)很大时,可以利用航空摄影机在空中摄取地面的影像,通过外业判读,在内业建立地面的模型,通过计算机用绘图软件在模型上量测,直接获得数字地形图。随着测绘技术的发展,数字摄影测量已在我国部分地区取得成功,不久将会得到推广。它是通过在空中利用数字摄影机所获得的数字影像,内业通过专门的航测软件,在计算机上对数字影像进行像对匹配,建立地面的数字模型,再通过专用的软件来获得数字地图。可以说,这将是今后数字测图的一个重要发展方向。该方法的特点是可将大量的外业测量工作移到室内完成,它具有成图速度快、精度高而均匀、成本低,不受气候及季节的限制等优点,特别适合于城市及大测区的大面积成图。
2.数字测图在地籍测量中的应用
随着国家小城镇建设步伐的加快，城镇地籍测量工作在全国范围内展开，各地对地籍图的需求将急剧膨胀。地籍测量的目的是为了全面澄清城镇土地的属性、位置、面积、用途、经济价值及相互之间的关系，为建立全国土地管理信息系统奠定基础。随着高新测绘技术的开发和应用，数字化测绘技术的应用得到迅速发展。较之传统的大(小)平板仪(地形、地籍)测绘技术，数字化测绘可以让测绘产品更加多样化，技术含量和应用水平更高，产品的使用与维护更加方便、快捷、直观，与传统的测绘产品(地形、地籍图件)相比，数字化测绘产品具有明显的优越性。作业流程的科学化是数字测量的关键所在，结合测区已有的资料，以有关规程、规范为依据，设计作业流程，数字地籍测量的作业流程见下图：
3.数字测绘在数字地球中的应用
简言之,数字地球就是把经济和社会发展方方面面的信息,加载于一个统一的地理坐标框架中按数字的形式存贮于计算机,任何机构或个人均可通过网络通讯技术,足不出户便获取所需的信息做到“秀才不出门,全知天下事”。数字地球是一个十分庞大的系统工程,技术复杂,涉及部门多,没有任何一个部门或团体能单独承担,它需要地球科学、信息科学、空间技术和众多应用部门的配合。测绘作为地学和信息学的重要组成部分,在国家空间数据基础设施建设中具有不可替代的地位,空间基础信息的获取、处理,向信息高速公路提供内容丰富、形式多样的信息货物等工作已历史地落在测绘工作者肩上。可以说,数字地球始于测绘。我国测绘部门从20世纪八十年代初期开始,对传统测绘技术进行了大规模的数字化改造。传 统的光学定位技术已被光电技术、GPS技术所取代,传统的白纸测图已被数字测图和地理信息系统所取代,以地面测量为主向以卫星定位(GPS)、卫星遥感(RS)测绘等高技术为主的对地观测方面转变,被动的静态测量向动态的实时测量方面转变"测绘部门在数字地球基础框架建设方面做了大量工作,主要包括:建立了全国A级、B级GPS网；完成了全国1：100万、1：25万基础地理数据库和数据服务设施；建立了国情和省情综合地理信息系统；研制成功了从遥感立体影像自动建立数字地面模型的数字摄影测量系统；研制成功了数字高程模型(DEM)、数字正射影像(DOM)、数字线划图(DLG)、数字栅格图(DRG)等“4D”产品生产线。数字地球的雏形已经形成。 #p#分页标题#e#
当然，数字测绘技术应用于很多方面，由于篇幅有限，就不在此一一列举了。
总之，数字测绘技术在工程测量中应用广泛，精确且使用，并且数字测绘技术也在日新月异地发展，广大测绘工作者要更新思维、坚持学习，做数字化的测绘工作者。
参考文献：
[1]贺丽娟,曹振一数字化测绘技术在工程测量中的应用西北水电2002
[2]覃其进浅谈数字化技术在地籍测绘中的应用广西地质2001
[3]高恒昌,段朝辉,张澎数字化测图在城镇地籍测量中的应用[J]城市勘测,2002,(2)1
[4]宋其友,等1数字地籍测量[J]北京:测绘出版社,1991 工程测量论文,工程测量中数字技术 测绘测量 admin 未知 2010-09-13 09:20 二次元影像测量仪的工作原理
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二次元影像测量仪是对传统的测量技术的飞跃性发展，是将传统的光学投影和计算机完美结合的产物。二次元影像测量仪是当今工业检测与计量技术领域中的一个新名词，它代表的是数位科技溶入工业检测与计量，进行空间几何运算的先进测量技术。二次元影像测量仪（又名影像式 二次元影像测量仪是对传统的测量技术的飞跃性发展，是将传统的光学投影和计算机完美结合的产物。二次元影像测量仪是当今工业检测与计量技术领域中的一个新名词，它代表的是数位科技溶入工业检测与计量，进行空间几何运算的先进测量技术。二次元影像测量仪（又名影像式测绘仪）是建立在CCD数位影像的基础上，依托于计算机屏幕测量技术和空间几何运算的强大软件能力而产生的。
二次元影像测量仪的工作原理：
二次元影像测量仪使用本身的硬件（CCD，目镜，物镜数据线）将所能捕捉到的图像，通过数据线传输到电脑的数据采集卡中，之后由软件在电脑显示器上成像，由操作员用鼠标在电脑上进行快速的测量。以上的工序，基本上在几万分之一秒完成，所以可以把他看作是实时检测设备，或者狭隘一点可以称为动态测量设备。如果配置合乎要求，设备不会产生图像滞后现象。因工件大小而议，工作台可以选择不同行程。光源亮度可调，可以在各种光线条件下选择最合适的光源亮度。
二次元测量仪作为一台高性能的光学影像量测仪，它可解决印刷电路板（PCB）的量测问题，同时具有2D精密量测，及高速与高精确的特性，可在单一机台上执行多种功能，大大减少重复购置机台的花费与使用空间的让费。2D精密量测及程序编辑系统量测对象可为塑胶五金件，PCB板，底片或其它具有2D特性的物件。它可以量测物体上圆心、半径、线宽、夹角、距离、交点；CNC二次元系列亦具有批次自动量测及程序编辑功能；系统内含影像处理功能，如去毛边、找中心线等；除此之外，还具有统计分析、自动对焦、自动检测等功能。二次元（2D影像测量仪）检测软件是在Windows环境下开发的，拥有编辑、绘图、影像显示等功能，系统操作简易灵活。适合行业二维抄数、绘图、工程开发、各种精密电子、LED、模具、五金塑胶、PCB板、导电橡胶、螺丝、冲压件、手表、手机等测量需要。 http://www.gispark.com/uploads/allimg/100913/0ZU35127-0-lp.jpg 二次元影像测量仪,工作原理 测绘测量 admin 未知 2010-09-13 09:03 海克斯康三坐标测量仪产品介绍
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海克斯康测量技术(青岛)有限公司是中国唯一的世界级数控三坐标测量机专业制造厂商，是HEXAGON 集团与中国航空工业第二集团公司下属青岛前哨精密机械公司共同投资在中国组建的国际化合资公司。海克斯康，作为中国目前技术最先进、实力最强的三坐标测量机制造企业，与享 海克斯康测量技术(青岛)有限公司是中国唯一的世界级数控三坐标测量机专业制造厂商，是HEXAGON 集团与中国航空工业第二集团公司下属青岛前哨精密机械公司共同投资在中国组建的国际化合资公司。海克斯康，作为中国目前技术最先进、实力最强的三坐标测量机制造企业，与享誉全球的坐标测量机制造公司：美国Brown& Sharpe 公司、美国SHEFFIELD公司、意大利DEA 公司、德国LEITZ公司、瑞典CE JOHANSSAN 公司并列，同属HEXAGON 集团计量产业的核心成员和六大测量机制造基地之一。面向中国用户，海克斯康可提供以上六大测量机专业厂家制造的全系列坐标测量机产品，并配置国际最先进的数控系统和各种功能完善的测量软件，以满足广大制造业客户对质量保证和生产过程控制的要求。
海克斯康三坐标测量仪介绍
海克斯康三坐标测量仪分为以下系列：桥式三坐标测量机，超高精度三坐标测量机，水平臂三坐标测量机，龙门式三坐标测量机，车间型三坐标测量机，关节臂三坐标测量机，涵盖各种测量精度，是国内市场占有率最高的三坐标测量机品牌。
水平臂测量机：先进实用的水平臂测量机家族新成员TORO 是DEA 水平臂式测量机家族中的新成员：它的专业设计在于为整个制造业提供在线自动检测的质量控制工具。
PC-DMIS通用测量软件： PC-DMIS是世界领先的通用测量软件，目前已经安装超过30,000套，被认为是当今功能最为强大的坐标测量机专用软件，为几何量测量的需要提供了完美的解决方案。
桥式三坐标测量机：专长于测量成功的Global 系列三坐标测量机，具有革命性的创新和设计，从而成为三维测量领域的重要转折点。
关节臂测量机：提供了高精度和尺寸的灵活性 对于FLEX 新型三维便携式关节臂测量机，你可以根据测量范围以及使用的灵活性选择你喜欢的2 种尺寸。
桥式三坐标测量机：利用桥式机三坐标测量机完成大尺寸的测量源自DEA品牌的Global eXtra测量机，符合当代测量技术的发展和应用的潮流，能够完成各种尺寸计量的需要。
桥式三坐标测量机：仪器简介：源自瑞士TESA 品牌的Micro-Hite 3D，是一款小型的手动精密测量设备。TESA 最新的Micro-Hite 3D 的测量精度可达微米，同时操作非常简单。
leitz超高精度三坐标测量机：极高精度使得PMM-C测量机成为真正的测量中心高性能的PMM-C 系列测量机把高精度、高效率有机地结合在一起。
GLOBAL PERFORMANCE三坐标测量机：是一种灵活的测量系统，能够快速有效地完成任何测量和检测任务。GLOBALPERFORMANCE可配备多种测头能够满足多种计量需要。
leitz超高精度三坐标测量机：业界最高的精度水准三坐标测量机 PMM-C Infinity 是德国Leitz 超高精度测量机系列的巅峰之作，体现了业界最高的精度水准。
三坐标测量机-龙门式三坐标：精度和效率的结合 DEA 推出的ALPHA 系列，是经济有效的中大型龙门式测量机，把高效率、高精度与良好的操作可靠性有效地结合在一起，并大大减少了维修成本。 海克斯康,三坐标测量仪,产品介绍 测绘测量 admin 未知 2010-09-13 08:48 三坐标测量仪说明书
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三坐标测量机 (Coordinate Measuring Machine, CMM) 是指在一个六面体的空间范围内，能够表现几何形状、长度及圆周分度等测量能力的仪器，又称为三坐标测量仪或三次元。下面介绍一下三坐标测量仪说明书。 三坐标测量仪说明书 一、三坐标测量仪安装要求 1．设备应安装于 三坐标测量机 (Coordinate Measuring Machine, CMM) 是指在一个六面体的空间范围内，能够表现几何形状、长度及圆周分度等测量能力的仪器，又称为三坐标测量仪或三次元。下面介绍一下三坐标测量仪说明书。
三坐标测量仪说明书
一、三坐标测量仪安装要求
1．设备应安装于室内避光、避雨和直接晒不着太阳的地方。
2．不受腐蚀性气体、可燃气体、油雾和微粒侵袭。
3．无潮无尘。
4．安装位置应便于安装、保养、检查和维修。
5．地面平整，无振动。
6．外接电源187 V ~253 V，50±1Hz，可靠接地。
二、三坐标测量仪使用环境
1．使用环境：温度(20±2)℃，湿度55%-65% ，温度梯度1℃/m ，温度变化 1℃/h
2．空气压力：0.4 MPa - 0.5 Mpa
3．空气流量：100 L/min – 120 L/min
三、三坐标测量仪安全警告
1．严禁擅自拆开外罩，防止损坏设备。
2．严禁擅自拆开测头，防止元件损坏。
3．严禁带电插拔读数卡。
4．严禁带电插拔插头。
5．严禁将异物置于大理石导轨上。
四、三坐标测量仪开机步骤
1． 打开气源。注意：流向三坐标测量机的空气过滤系统的空气需经过严格地干燥、过滤。
2． 打开电脑。注意：只有电脑通电后，三坐标测量机的气浮系统才会通气。
3． 打开三坐标测量机的气阀，供气。
4． 启动控制软件。
5． 测量机归零，测量机的零位设置在机台的左下角，移动测量机至零位，单击确定按钮。
注意：软件的零位设置在软件重启后不会再提示，只有电脑重启才会提示。
五、三坐标测量仪日常维护
1． 三坐标在使用前应对机器进行全面擦洗。注意：用干净的医用脱脂棉，沾清水（水不可太多）擦拭大理石导轨，切记不能连同光栅尺一起擦。
2． 开机前应检查测头是否处在安全的位置，应将测头旋转至90度方向，防止Z轴下降时损坏测头。
3． 检查气源是否达到0.5 Mpa-0.8 Mpa ，三坐标的压力表应达到0.45 Mpa 。注意：空气在进入设备前应进行除水、除油及杂质处理。
4． 三坐标在使用前应先开启空调至少两小时，将室温控制在规定的范围内。
5． 摆放三坐标的房间应保持清洁，光栅尺尽量少擦拭，如有灰尘应用医用脱脂棉轻轻擦拭，切记不可用任何有机溶剂。
6． 三坐标属精密设备，应由专人维护、使用，严禁外人触摸导轨、光栅尺、测头等部件。 三坐标测量仪,说明书 测绘测量 admin 未知 2010-09-13 08:37 三坐标测量仪原理和使用方法
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三坐标测量仪，主要是指通过三维取点来进行测量的一种仪器，市场上也有叫三坐标，三坐标测量机，三维坐标测量仪，三次元测量仪，三次元的。三坐标测量仪是一种具有可作三个方向移动的探测器，可在三个相互垂直的导轨上移动，此探测器以接触或非接触等方式传送讯号，三 三坐标测量仪 (英文名称为Coordinate Measuring Machine, CMM) ，主要是指通过三维取点来进行测量的一种仪器，市场上也有叫三坐标，三坐标测量机，三维坐标测量仪，三次元测量仪，三次元的。三坐标测量仪是一种具有可作三个方向移动的探测器，可在三个相互垂直的导轨上移动，此探测器以接触或非接触等方式传送讯号，三个轴之位移量测系统（如光学尺）经数据处理器或计算机等计算出工件的各点坐标（x,y,z）及各项功能量测的仪器。
三坐标测量仪的工作原理：将被测物体置于三次元测量空间，可获得被测物体上各测点的坐标位置，根据这些点的空间坐标值，经计算求出被测物体的几何尺寸，形状和位置。 基本原理就是通过探测传感器（探头）与测量空间轴线运动的配合，对被测几何元素进行离散的空间点位置的获取，然后通过一定的数学计算，完成对所测得点（点群）的分析拟合，最终还原出被测的几何元素，并在此基础上计算其与理论值（名义值）之间的偏差，从而完成对被测零件的检验工作。
三坐标测量仪使用方法及操作规程：
1、量测前准备：
（a）检查空气轴承压力是否足够
（b）安装工件
2、测头选择及安装：
（a）将适当之测头装于Z轴承接器
（b）检视Z轴是否会自动滑落（否则应调整红色压力平衡调整阀）
（c）锁定各轴之适当位置
3、量测操作：
（a）开启处理机电源
（b）启开打印机开关
（c）参考操作手册，选择所需功能之指令
（d）进行量测，并读出量测值
4、完成后注意事项：
（a）Z轴移至原来位置后，锁定
（b）X,Y轴各移至中央，锁定
（c）关电源及压力阀
（d）取下测头
（e）并作适当的保养 三坐标测量仪原理,三坐标测量仪使用方法 测绘测量 admin 未知 2010-09-13 08:24 注册测绘师报考条件资格以及考试时间
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注册测绘师报考条件资格： 凡中华人民共和国公民，遵守国家法律、法规，恪守职业道德，并具备下列条件之一的，可申请参加注册测绘师资格考试： 取得测绘类专业大学专科学历，从事测绘业务工作满6年可报考；取得其他理工类专业大学专科学历，从事测绘业务工作满8年可报 注册测绘师报考条件资格：
凡中华人民共和国公民，遵守国家法律、法规，恪守职业道德，并具备下列条件之一的，可申请参加注册测绘师资格考试：
取得测绘类专业大学专科学历，从事测绘业务工作满6年可报考；取得其他理工类专业大学专科学历，从事测绘业务工作满8年可报考。取得测绘类专业大学本科学历，从事测绘业务工作满4年可报考；取得其他理工类专业大学本科学历，从事测绘业务工作满6年可报考。取得含测绘类专业在内的双学士学位或者测绘类专业研究生班毕业，从事测绘业务工作满3年可报考；取得其他理工类专业的双学士学位或者研究生班毕业，从事测绘业务工作满5年可报考。取得测绘类专业硕士学位，从事测绘业务工作满2年可报考；取得其他理工类专业硕士学位，从事测绘业务工作满4年可报考。取得测绘类专业博士学位，从事测绘业务工作满1年；取得其他理工类专业博士学位，从事测绘业务工作满3年可报考。具体规定请参见国家测绘局网站重要规范性文件栏目的《注册测绘师制度暂行规定》一文。
特别说明，报考条件中的工作年限指的是累计工作时间，即获取相关学位前后的工作经历都算在内。
注册测绘师资格考试时间和报名时间：
根据《注册测绘师资格考试实施办法》，注册测绘师资格考试时间日期为每年第三季度。具体报名时间请关注当地考试管理机构的有关通知。 注册测绘师报考条件,注册测绘师考试时间 测绘测量 admin 未知 2010-09-13 08:09 上海地铁4号线线路图 站点名称 时刻表
http://www.gispark.com/html/maps/2010/0912/3061.html
上海地铁4号线C字形线路从浦西大木桥路至浦东蓝村路车站，全长约27公里，设22座车站，其中虹桥路站至宝山路站共9个车站与已建成正在运营的轨交3号线共线运营；是上海400公里轨道交通基本网络中的唯一一条环线，与轨交1号线、2号线以及3号线构成申字形路网，并连接全市 上海地铁4号线“C”字形线路从浦西大木桥路至浦东蓝村路车站，全长约27公里，设22座车站，其中虹桥路站至宝山路站共9个车站与已建成正在运营的轨交3号线“共线运营”；是上海400公里轨道交通基本网络中的唯一一条环线，与轨交1号线、2号线以及3号线构成“申”字形路网，并连接全市已建及规划中的11条轨道交通线。
上海地铁4号线线路图-站点名称
1.上海地铁4号线上行所经过的各站点名称
宜山路站->宜山路站宜山路站->虹桥路站->延安西路站->中山公园站->金沙江路站->曹杨路站->镇坪路站->中潭路站->上海站站->宝山路站->海伦路站->临平路站->大连路站->杨树浦路站->浦东大道站->世纪大道站->浦电路站->蓝村路站->塘桥站->南浦大桥站->西藏南路站->鲁班路站->大木桥路站->东安路站->上海体育场站->上海体育馆站->宜山路站
2.上海地铁4号线下行所经过的各站点名称
宜山路站->宜山路站宜山路站->上海体育馆站->上海体育场站->东安路站->大木桥路站->鲁班路站->西藏南路站->南浦大桥站->塘桥站->蓝村路站->浦电路站->世纪大道站->浦东大道站->杨树浦路站->大连路站->临平路站->海伦路站->宝山路站->上海站站->中潭路站->镇坪路站->曹杨路站->金沙江路站->中山公园站->延安西路站->虹桥路站->宜山路站
上海地铁4号线线路图-时刻表
时间(内圈(上行)虹桥路首班:5:37;虹桥路全程末班:21:13;终点宜山路方向末班:22:17;外圈(下行)宜山路首班:5:30;宜山路全程末班:22:14;终点虹桥路方向末班:22:10价格表);
上海地铁4号线线路图：
http://www.gispark.com/uploads/allimg/100912/095259DJ-0-lp.jpg 上海地铁,4号线线路图,站点名称,时刻表 地图资源 admin 未知 2010-09-12 09:48 2010最新上海地铁线路图详细介绍
http://www.gispark.com/html/maps/2010/0912/3060.html
上海作为中国对外的窗口，上海地铁的建设一直都是走在全国各大城市的前面的，截止2010年6月30日，如果不含磁浮示范线话，上海轨道交通线网已开通运营11条线、267座车站，运营里程达410公里。下面我们就来介绍一下2010最新上海地铁线路图。 上海地铁线路1号线南段（锦江 上海作为中国对外的窗口，上海地铁的建设一直都是走在全国各大城市的前面的，截止2010年6月30日，如果不含磁浮示范线话，上海轨道交通线网已开通运营11条线、267座车站，运营里程达410公里。下面我们就来介绍一下2010最新上海地铁线路图。
上海地铁线路1号线南段（锦江乐园－徐家汇）于1993年4月9日投入观光运营，1号线全线（锦江乐园－上海火车站）于1995年4月10日试运营，南、北、北北延伸段分别于1997年7月1日、2004年12月28日和2007年12月29日开通试运营。1号线（富锦路－莘庄）长近37公里，共设28座车站，是一条纵贯上海南北走向的交通大动脉。线路识别色：红色。
上海地铁线路2号线一期工程（龙阳路站－中山公园站）于1999年10月20日投入观光运营，2号线（张江高科站－中山公园站）于2000年12月26日建成试运营，西延伸段于2006年12月30日开通，东延伸一期于2010年2月24日开通，西西延伸于2010年3月16日开通，东延伸二期于2010年4月8日开通。2号线（徐泾东－浦东国际机场）全长约60公里，投入运营车站31座，是一条横贯上海市区连接浦江两岸的东西向线路。线路识别色：绿色。
上海地铁线路3号线（上海南站－江湾镇）于2000年12月26日建成试运营，北延伸段于2006年12月18日开通。3号线（上海南站－江杨北路）长约40公里，共设29座车站，是一条环绕中心城区以高架为主的地铁线路。 线路识别色：黄色。
上海地铁线路4号线于2005年12月31日开始“C”字形试运营，2007年12月29日实现环通运营。4号线长约34公里，共17座车站（不含共线段车站），与轨道交通3号线接轨成环。线路识别色：紫色。
上海地铁线路5号线于2003年11月25日建成试运营，全线位于闵行区。5号线（闵行开发区－莘庄）长约17公里，共11个车站。其中，除莘庄站为地面车站，其余10个为高架车站。线路识别色：紫红色。
上海地铁线路6号线工程于2007年12月29日建成试运营，全线位于浦东新区境内。6号线（港城路－灵岩南路）长约31公里，设车站27座，其中高架车站8座，地下车站19座。线路识别色：品红色。
上海地铁线路7号线一期工程于2009年12月5日建成试运营，线路长34.38公里，投入运营车站27座，是上海轨道交通网络中一条南北向的骨干线。线路识别色：橘红色。
上海地铁线路8号线一期工程于2007年12月29日建成试运营，8号线二期于2009年7月5日建成试运营。8号线二期与8号线一期（市光路－耀华路）贯通后，线路长37.5公里，投入运营车站28座。8号线在人民广场与1、2号线形成大型轨交换乘枢纽，并在西藏南路站与4号线形成立体“十字”交叉换乘。 线路识别色：蓝色。
上海地铁线路9号线一期工程于2007年12月29日建成试运营，9号线二期工程于2009年12月31日建成试运营。9号线（松江新城－杨高中路）长约46公里，投入运营车站23座，是上海轨道交通网络中重要的市域级骨干线路。线路识别色：淡蓝色。
上海地铁线路10号线于2010年4月10日建成试运营。10号线（航中路－新江湾城）长29.6公里，投入运营车站27座。线路识别色：淡紫色。
上海地铁线路11号线一期的主线于2009年12月31日建成试运营，11号线支线于2010年3月29日试运营。全长约43.6公里，投入运营车站19座。线路识别色：深红色。
上海地铁线路13号线世博专用线（世博大道－马当路）长约5公里，仅作为世博园内专用轨道交通，马当路站、卢浦大桥站、世博大道站仅限持世博门票乘客使用，与其他城市轨道交通运营网路不联通。
2010最新上海地铁线路图：
http://www.gispark.com/uploads/allimg/100912/1_0912093943B91.jpg 上海地铁线路图,2010,最新 地图资源 admin 未知 2010-09-12 09:29 SuperMap GIS 系列产品的定位
http://www.gispark.com/html/develop/SuperMap/2010/0912/3058.html
SuperMapGIS系列产品提供了从数据采集到系统建设到信息发布的全系列产品，能满足各类GIS应用领域的需要。在实际应用开发过程中，应根据具体项目需求，选择最合适的SuperMapGIS产品，以获得最佳性价比的软件配置。 SuperMapGIS产品及其对应的用户如图所示： 下表列出了S SuperMap GIS系列产品提供了从数据采集到系统建设到信息发布的全系列产品，能满足各类GIS应用领域的需要。在实际应用开发过程中，应根据具体项目需求，选择最合适的SuperMap GIS产品，以获得最佳性价比的软件配置。
SuperMap GIS 产品及其对应的用户如图所示：
下表列出了SuperMap GIS系列产品的定位的简要说明。
产品类型
产品名称
产品说明
空间数据库引擎
SuperMap SDX+
SuperMap SDX+ 是支持海量空间数据管理的大型空间数据库引擎，是基于大型关系数据库管理海量空间数据的关键技术。SuperMap SDX+支持多用户并发访问、空间数据与属性数据一体化存储、大范围空间数据无缝管理，并具有效率高和安全稳定的特点；
SuperMap SDX+ 是大型GIS系统的最佳空间数据管理方案。
服务式开发平台
SuperMap IS.NET
SuperMap IS .NET是基于Web Services和.NET技术的大型网络GIS开发平台，适用于在广域网和局域网快速发布地理空间信息和建立各种B/S结构的GIS应用系统；
SuperMap IS .NET 支持OpenGIS WMS标准，易于实现与其他同类产品的互操作。
SuperMap iServer .NET
基于微软.NET平台提供的面向服务式架构的企业级GIS 产品。面向空间信息服务的企业级体系结构，支持SOA标准，可用于构建功能强大、多层多级服务无缝聚合、服务集中式管理、具有高度无缝可扩展业务的企业级网络应用系统和网络服务。
SuperMap iServer Java
SuperMap iServer Java是基于Java平台提供的面向服务式架构的企业级GIS 产品;适用于在广域网和局域网快速发布地理空间信息和建立各种B/S结构的GIS应用系统；
面向空间信息服务的企业级体系结构，支持SOA标准。
在服务器端，可以面向网络客户端提供与专业GIS桌面产品相同功能的GIS服务，也可以与其他网络服务无缝聚合，是一个可多层次扩展的面向服务GIS的开发框架。
组件开发平台
SuperMap Objects (COM)
SuperMap Objects是大型全组件式GIS开发平台，适用于各种应用系统建设和专业GIS产品开发；
SuperMap Objects以ActiveX控件的形式提供全套的GIS功能，可以在流行的面向对象开发环境中使用。能有效地降低GIS应用系统开发的难度，提高开发效率。
SuperMap Objects .NET
SuperMap Objects .NET是基于共相式地理信息系统技术理念开发的.NET组件开发平台
具备丰富的GIS功能和.NET组件特点
SuperMap Objects Java
SuperMap Objects Java是基于共相式地理信息系统技术理念开发的Java组件开发平台
具备丰富的GIS功能和Java组件特点
嵌入式开发平台
eSuperMap
eSuperMap是嵌入式GIS开发平台，适用基于手持、车载等移动设备和其它嵌入式设备的GIS应用软件开发，是移动GIS和LBS应用的理想工具；
eSuperMap在数据存储、算法等方面都针对嵌入式设备资源有限、运行速度较慢等特点作了专门优化，用其开发的系统，硬件需求低、资源消耗少、运行效率高；
桌面平台
SuperMap Deskpro
SuperMap Deskpro是专业桌面GIS软件，它提供了从数据管理、地图编辑、统计查询，到布局排版、网络分析、叠加分析、栅格计算、三维建模和三维分析等GIS功能。
SuperMap Express
SuperMap Express是大众桌面GIS软件，主要应用于数据转换、地图编辑、数据管理等常用的GIS任务，适合大范围大量部署。
SuperMap Viewer
SuperMap Viewer是用于空间数据浏览的免费工具软件。
导航应用开发平台
SuperMap SNE
SuperMap SNE是面向车载导航市场的应用开发平台
SuperMap SNE支持车载导航电子地图应用存储格式国家标准
SuperMap SNE支持地图浏览、地图操作、POI索引查询、路径规划、定位导航等功能
D系列产品
SuperMap SGS
面向服务的地理信息共享平台
SuperMap D-Builder
针对各种格式的矢量和栅格数据提供自动化和批量化转换建库
SuperMap D-Producer
面向多用户协同进行GIS数据生产的通用软件
SuperMap FieldMapper
基于eSuperMap产品开发的基于PDA和GPS的专业数据采集软件
适用于野外工作，携带移动便利
SuperMap Floor
对房产测绘和面积分摊计算的专业化软件
http://www.gispark.com/uploads/allimg/100912/1_09120A2259411.jpg SuperMap GIS,产品定位 SuperMap admin 未知 2010-09-12 06:49 遥感科学国家重点实验室主任招聘启事
http://www.gispark.com/html/GIS jobs/2010/0912/3057.html
遥感科学国家重点实验室2003年经科技部批准，在原中国科学院遥感信息科学重点实验室和北京师范大学遥感与地理信息系统研究中心的基础上联合组建而成。 遥感科学是在地球科学、信息科学、空间科学、计算机科学等学科基础上发展的一门综合交叉学科。自成立以来，遥感科学 遥感科学国家重点实验室2003年经科技部批准，在原中国科学院遥感信息科学重点实验室和北京师范大学遥感与地理信息系统研究中心的基础上联合组建而成。
遥感科学是在地球科学、信息科学、空间科学、计算机科学等学科基础上发展的一门综合交叉学科。自成立以来，遥感科学国家重点实验室主要研究方向包括：遥感辐射传输机理与反演理论研究、遥感信息获取与处理前沿技术研究、地球空间信息综合集成与应用基础研究等多个研究方向。经过多年的研究积累，实验室已取得了一批骄人的成绩。
根据《国家重点实验室建设与运行管理办法》及《中科院开放实验室主任、学术委员会主任聘任办法》的规定，向国内外公开招聘遥感科学国家重点实验室主任，相关事宜如下：
一、 岗位职责
围绕科技创新总体目标，研究策划实验室的科技发展战略；吸引和支持优秀学术带头人和青年学术骨干，建设一支国内外有影响的高水平研究队伍；组织承担国家重大科技项目，促进实验室研究工作与多学科交叉融合，加强与国际国内的学术交流；带领实验室取得一批国际先进水平的研究成果；负责实验室日常运行。
二、 应聘条件
1. 本学科领域获得博士学位；具有开阔的战略视野，能把握遥感科学相关领域国家战略需求和世界科技前沿发展态势；有深厚的学术造诣，在遥感科学及其相关领域取得重大创新成果。在国内外具有较高知名度；对实验室建设发展和科学研究工作有创新性构想。
2. 德才兼备，爱岗敬业，具有先进的管理理念和较强的组织协调能力，能吸引、凝聚一批优秀人才，组织并领导研究团队承担重大科技任务，组织和实施重大科技创新研究。
3. 身体健康，年龄不超过55岁。
4. 能尽快全职、全时到位工作（确因工作交接需要，可有1年过渡期，过渡期内在实验室工作时间每年不少于9个月）。
三、 聘期与待遇
1．实验室主任一届任期5年，可继续连任，但最多任两届；
2．按国家重点实验室和中国科学院遥感应用研究所岗位聘任合同制办法管理，聘为研究员，享受相应岗位工资待遇；
3、协商确定其他工作条件、生活条件。
四、 应聘材料
自本招聘启事公布之日起开始报名，截止日期为2010年10月10日（以收到电子版本为准）。报名时，应聘者须提供以下材料：
（1） 个人工作、学习简历；
（2） 主要研究成果及对实验室的管理设想和预期目标（1000字内）；
（3） 两位同行知名专家的推荐信；
（4） 近五年来发表的学术论文和成果清单，代表性学术论著复印件等证明材料（可仅复印首页和标注页）
（5） 学历、学位证书复印件，专业技术职务聘任证书复印件；
（6） 其他证明材料。
初审通过后，具体招聘答辩时间另行通知。
五、 联系方式
联系人：孙文新，肖程
电 话：010－64859501；010－64844260
传 真：010－64838603
电子邮件：swx@irsa.ac.cn；xch@irsa.ac.cn
通信地址：北京市朝阳区大屯路9718信箱，
中国科学院遥感应用研究所人事处收
邮编：100101 室主任,招聘,启事,实验,重点,科学,国家,遥感, GIS招聘 admin 未知 2010-09-12 06:44 第七届中国遥感大会在杭州召开
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日前，第七届中国遥感大会在杭州召开。国内10多位院士、400多位遥感科技界专家、学者、精英集聚杭州，探讨遥感应用技术，共商中国遥感技术发展大计。 第七届中国遥感大会在杭州召开由中国遥感委员会主办，中国地理学会环境遥感分会、杭州师范大学、中科院遥感应用研究 日前，第七届中国遥感大会在杭州召开。国内10多位院士、400多位遥感科技界专家、学者、精英集聚杭州，探讨遥感应用技术，共商中国遥感技术发展大计。
第七届中国遥感大会在杭州召开由中国遥感委员会主办，中国地理学会环境遥感分会、杭州师范大学、中科院遥感应用研究所承办，中国土地学会土地信息与遥感分会、中国测绘学会摄影测量与遥感专业委员会等15 个学会协办。大会以特邀院士专家报告、青年遥感辩论、专题学术交流、遥感成果展示、系统化产品推介等多种学术交流形式，探讨国家遥感中长期发展战略和国际遥感前沿与进展。浙江省测绘与地理信息局局长出席会议并讲话，表示浙江省测绘与地理信息主管部门将极力推进遥感技术和遥感成果在服务社会和服务民生中的广泛应用，给国民经济发展提供有力保障。
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2010年度中国GIS优秀工程评选9月3日正式揭晓，共有74家单位分获金银铜奖，即日起进行公示，为期两周。中国GIS优秀工程评选是2003年国家测绘局、国家科技部授权，经国家纠风办正式批准立项，中国地理信息系统协会设立的全国性评选项目，今年是第八个年度评 2010年度中国GIS优秀工程评选9月3日正式揭晓，共有74家单位分获金银铜奖，即日起进行公示，为期两周。中国GIS优秀工程评选是2003年国家测绘局、国家科技部授权，经国家纠风办正式批准立项，中国地理信息系统协会设立的全国性评选项目，今年是第八个年度评选。2010年度中国GIS优秀工程评选工作始于2010年3月，经申报、受理、初审、评审、答辩、考察和总评等程序，历时6个月。此次获奖项目的最大热点是地下管网工程，多达11个项目。专家们认为，人们已越来越重视可持续发展，夯实基础建设。有的工程不仅经费投入足，技术力量强，而且领导重视，工程实用、可靠、见效快。
据了解，此次优秀工程申报项目创历史之最，多达87项。项目涉及国土、测绘、城建、规划、能源、交通、电信、环保、海洋、农业、林业、防灾减灾、税务、考古、地下管网、灾害评估、水务、地籍管理、市政建设、电子政务、矿山安全、地名地价管理、开发区保税区建设以及领导决策服务、特别服务等行业和领域。
本次优秀工程评选获奖项目共74个，其中金奖14个，银奖39个，铜奖21个。经社会公示后的项目，将在今年10月27至30日在西安召开的2010’中国地理信息产业论坛上予以表彰，进行经验交流。
http://www.gispark.com/uploads/allimg/100912/1_091206400CS0.jpg 2010年,中国GIS优秀工程 GIS动态 admin 未知 2010-09-12 06:34 国家测绘局测绘发展研究中心2010年招聘启示
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国家测绘局测绘发展研究中心是国家测绘局直属事业单位，主要从事测绘发展战略等政策方面的研究工作;承担测绘事业发展中长期规划和重要专项规划制定的前期性工作;研究和整理国内外测绘及相关领域发展状况及重要信息;承担基础设施建设项目和测绘项目立项建议、论证、评估 国家测绘局测绘发展研究中心是国家测绘局直属事业单位，主要从事测绘发展战略等政策方面的研究工作;承担测绘事业发展中长期规划和重要专项规划制定的前期性工作;研究和整理国内外测绘及相关领域发展状况及重要信息;承担基础设施建设项目和测绘项目立项建议、论证、评估、咨询和可行性研究等工作。
现因业务工作需要，按照《国家测绘局事业单位公开招聘人员暂行办法》有关规定，我单位拟招聘工作人员2名。现将有关事项公告如下：
一、基本要求
热爱测绘事业、品德优良，具有较高的写作水平和良好的表达能力以及较为扎实的专业基础，具有团结协作、积极进取、开拓创新的精神，身体健康。年龄35岁以下，北京市正式户口，测绘相关专业硕士及以上学位，5年以上工作经验。
二、需求岗位
岗位1：战略与政策研究
岗位2：规划与项目研究
三、其他
岗位说明：
1、用人方式为聘用合同制；
2、招聘人员为我单位正式编制内人员，工资、社会保险等执行国家的有关规定。
报名截止时间：2010年10月19日。
报名要求：通过电子邮件提交个人简历、照片、代表性论著及相关证明。
联系方式：北京市海淀区莲花池西路28号
国家测绘局测绘发展研究中心办公室
联 系 人：张永波
邮 编：100830
联系电话：010-63881527
电子邮箱：zhanlue@sbsm.gov.cn
2010年,招聘,启示,研究中心,发展,测绘局,测绘,国家, GIS招聘 admin 未知 2010-09-12 06:27 赵庭景美捉奸事件【附赵庭景美 陈青蓝简介】
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赵庭景美捉奸事件来源于新浪微博赵庭景美的一篇博文，原文如下：爱伺机摸人 虽然今天早上我把你和我老公捉奸在床，身为女性，我仍然很同情你。因为我从你的衣着和日常用品来看，你是个经济非常拮据的女人，但是即便如此我也劝你不要因为这个而饥不择食。一定要找个可靠 赵庭景美捉奸事件来源于新浪微博赵庭景美的一篇博文，原文如下：爱伺机摸人 虽然今天早上我把你和我老公捉奸在床，身为女性，我仍然很同情你。因为我从你的衣着和日常用品来看，你是个经济非常拮据的女人，但是即便如此我也劝你不要因为这个而饥不择食。一定要找个可靠的男人，很显然，陈青蓝不是。他向你承诺的物质条件，必须要由我来替他实现，你觉得这可能吗？微博发出以后，迅速引起人们的围观和评论，而此次事件的三个人物也迅速走红网络，捉奸门事件继微博自杀事件后又掀起一股狂潮。
捉奸门事件在微博引起轰动以后几位当事人的反映。
陈青蓝男主人公——陈青蓝
陈青蓝，男，出生于1973年10月30日，四川省资阳市人，居住地北京市朝阳区，铅笔经济研究社理事。1996年毕业于北京大学国际政治系。青年经济学者。
此事在新浪微博客轩起波澜后，他在微博客留下海子的一句诗：“姐姐，今夜我不关心人类，我只想你。”最新围脖更新语重心长：谢谢各位围观群众的支持！没什么好看的。请各位朋友不要耽误自己工作。
男主角微博出自海子的诗
“姐姐，今夜我不关心人类，我只想你”--“捉奸”男猪脚这句围脖是有来历滴，处之诗人海子一首诗的末句。整段是“今夜我只有美丽的戈壁空空 姐姐,今夜我不关心人类,我只想你”，好诗！敬请诸位转发学习，莫要亵渎了诗歌啊。
女一号：赵庭景美
赵庭景美赵庭景美，陈青蓝妻子，油画家，1996年开始自学油画，从此漂泊，居无定所。追随名师于上海，后辗转北京，最终停留于798，现于恩师李象群学习雕塑。
赵庭景美在微博客上自曝：“我进门看到那女人的 胸罩 衣物乱于房间 @北京陈青蓝 说 ： 看到又如何 所有东西一人一半 @易天 请大家 联系易天 到我家来。”
“@北京陈青蓝 和 @爱伺机摸人 被我抓奸在床后。若无其事的说：‘你能把我怎么样’。我极度崩溃中。。。”
“@爱伺机摸人 虽然今天早上我把你和我老公捉奸在床，身为女性，我仍然很同情你。因为我从你的衣着和日常用品来看，你是个经济非常拮据的女人，但是即便如此我也劝你不要因为这个而饥不择食。一定要找个可靠的男人，很显然，陈青蓝不是。他向你承诺的物质条件，必须要由我来替他实现，你觉得这可能吗？
女二号：许宇萱（爱伺机摸人）
许宇萱，铅笔经济研究社成员，常用网名包括“爱伺机摸人”、“神仙姐姐”、“摸摸”等。
此女在微博客上言论相当个性，处处表现出对自身条件的自负和颠覆传统的思想。
“我哥说过：‘舍妹最大的不幸是长得美嫩而妖艳。因为人美，很多男人爱上了她，为了给自己的**找到一个合理的借口，某些男人们成功地说服自己，让自己相信自己了解舍妹。’” 景美,陈青蓝,简介,庭,事件,捉奸,赵庭,附赵, 社会万象 admin 未知 2010-09-09 16:00 Return home small note
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这样的婚姻 江 闸阀 吹着很大的风，很清爽的感觉。 雨丝 宫颈糜烂 轻轻飘落，打湿了她的头发。 她独自一人伫立于滨江路上，长长的头发被风吹起，仿佛她的思绪被吹得很远很远。如果一切可以重来，她会怎样。她不想去考虑未来，也不愿追忆过去，在今天里她的心里装 苏州 这样的婚姻 江闸阀吹着很大的风，很清爽的感觉。 雨丝宫颈糜烂轻轻飘落，打湿了她的头发。 她独自一人伫立于滨江路上，长长的头发被风吹起，仿佛她的思绪被吹得很远很远。如果一切可以重来，她会怎样。她不想去考虑未来，也不愿追忆过去，在今天里她的心里装苏州前列腺炎着好多的故事，有好多的眼泪。她轻轻用手碰了一下脸，手背湿了。那是泪，更杭州搬家公司是伤心。 她沿着滨江路上的小径漫无目的地fag轴承走着，正值盛夏，大片红色的花，叫不上名来，开得正艳。如果有人陪着她一同来品赏，她将很高兴。她却也知道，那不可能。他刚把她气得摔门而出的。谁见到的她，都是一脸平静，谁都不知道她刚大哭一场。为着他——让她心爱却忍心伤害她的男人。婚深圳搬家公司姻，忍何伤人至深呢？ 三年前，落英缤纷磁力泵的季节，她在樱花树下接受了他的求婚。当她说完我愿意时，满树樱花兜头而下。飘飘然如一场缤纷的樱花雨。她总说那是他的如何减肥故意安排。他却说那是神的旨意。她是上天派下来的天使，他要把她捧在手心里。她笑了，她喜欢这样的“谎言”。 她却忘了，她是从自体脂肪丰胸天堂坠落到人间的天使，天堂和人间是有天壤之别的。当她成为他的妻的那一天，她就不再是他的掌心砂了。 她在家做全职太太。他工作太忙，常常不在家。当她望着楼下的车水马龙，试图寻觅减肥药他的影子时，他却不知在哪里应酬，喝得不省人事。当她靠在沙发上睡着，门外敲门声连连。迎接她的是一个酒气冲天的身影。她希望他能少点应酬，多点时间陪陪他。可是去斑为了这个家，她理解他，她也只好小心地呵护着他，不想给他增加任何的困扰。 久而久之，他们的隆鼻术沟通越来越少，家成了旅馆，她成了摆设。 有一天，她北京搬家公司兴奋地告诉他，她怀孕时，她没从他的脸上看出初为人父的喜悦。他却说，现在条件还不成熟，过两年再说。她听出他的话外音，现在孩子来得不是咖啡时候。一个小小的生命被扼杀。被自己的父亲扼杀。也许，真不是时候，他们外匯还没买车，还没有八位数的存款，可是什么时候条件才成熟，她真想问他。可是她很少有时间砂磨机看到她，她入睡时他未回，等到日起三竿，他上海货运公司早已不在。是已经去上班，还是根本没回来。她习惯了等待，也习惯了独自取暖的生活。虽然心货运公司很痛很痛。 春夏秋冬，匆匆溜闪蒸干燥机走。五年的结婚纪念日到了。 她希望在这样的日子能够重叙旧好，他的心能收一收。他和她举杯，烛光摇映着他们幸福的笑脸，她会觉得好开心……那一晚，她等到很晚，他回来了，是被同事架着回来的，据说他又完成了一个大订单……第二天，他醒来后一个劲地给她道歉，可她既没生气，也没哭泣，她很平静地望着他，没有说一句话。他被她的样子吓着了。 …… 滨江路她常去，一个人静静地站在乳化机江边流泪。时间久了，心被麻木紧紧包裹，她学会坦然地面对他的一切。她再为他哭泣，也不再他生气，她只剩下平静。这样的婚姻，她常常想。到底“这样”里面包含着怎样的内容？五年来的婚姻生活，就如一江春水，付之东流？没有留下什么吗？如果说以前为他而伤心气流干燥机是因为爱，现在她的哀怨的眼神中依然有爱，是不舍，为着这段即将要结束的婚姻。这样的婚姻，他珍惜过吗？她已经不太愿意去想这些问题，她还爱着他，她也希望她能坚守到最后一刻。他如果真的爱她的话。 这样的婚姻…… 云南省地图 d86pcd86pc 2010-09-07 01:52 这样的婚姻
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这样的婚姻 江 闸阀 吹着很大的风，很清爽的感觉。 雨丝 宫颈糜烂 轻轻飘落，打湿了她的头发。 她独自一人伫立于滨江路上，长长的头发被风吹起，仿佛她的思绪被吹得很远很远。如果一切可以重来，她会怎样。她不想去考虑未来，也不愿追忆过去，在今天里她的心里装 苏州 这样的婚姻 江闸阀吹着很大的风，很清爽的感觉。 雨丝宫颈糜烂轻轻飘落，打湿了她的头发。 她独自一人伫立于滨江路上，长长的头发被风吹起，仿佛她的思绪被吹得很远很远。如果一切可以重来，她会怎样。她不想去考虑未来，也不愿追忆过去，在今天里她的心里装苏州前列腺炎着好多的故事，有好多的眼泪。她轻轻用手碰了一下脸，手背湿了。那是泪，更杭州搬家公司是伤心。 她沿着滨江路上的小径漫无目的地fag轴承走着，正值盛夏，大片红色的花，叫不上名来，开得正艳。如果有人陪着她一同来品赏，她将很高兴。她却也知道，那不可能。他刚把她气得摔门而出的。谁见到的她，都是一脸平静，谁都不知道她刚大哭一场。为着他——让她心爱却忍心伤害她的男人。婚深圳搬家公司姻，忍何伤人至深呢？ 三年前，落英缤纷磁力泵的季节，她在樱花树下接受了他的求婚。当她说完我愿意时，满树樱花兜头而下。飘飘然如一场缤纷的樱花雨。她总说那是他的如何减肥故意安排。他却说那是神的旨意。她是上天派下来的天使，他要把她捧在手心里。她笑了，她喜欢这样的“谎言”。 她却忘了，她是从自体脂肪丰胸天堂坠落到人间的天使，天堂和人间是有天壤之别的。当她成为他的妻的那一天，她就不再是他的掌心砂了。 她在家做全职太太。他工作太忙，常常不在家。当她望着楼下的车水马龙，试图寻觅减肥药他的影子时，他却不知在哪里应酬，喝得不省人事。当她靠在沙发上睡着，门外敲门声连连。迎接她的是一个酒气冲天的身影。她希望他能少点应酬，多点时间陪陪他。可是去斑为了这个家，她理解他，她也只好小心地呵护着他，不想给他增加任何的困扰。 久而久之，他们的隆鼻术沟通越来越少，家成了旅馆，她成了摆设。 有一天，她北京搬家公司兴奋地告诉他，她怀孕时，她没从他的脸上看出初为人父的喜悦。他却说，现在条件还不成熟，过两年再说。她听出他的话外音，现在孩子来得不是咖啡时候。一个小小的生命被扼杀。被自己的父亲扼杀。也许，真不是时候，他们外匯还没买车，还没有八位数的存款，可是什么时候条件才成熟，她真想问他。可是她很少有时间砂磨机看到她，她入睡时他未回，等到日起三竿，他上海货运公司早已不在。是已经去上班，还是根本没回来。她习惯了等待，也习惯了独自取暖的生活。虽然心货运公司很痛很痛。 春夏秋冬，匆匆溜闪蒸干燥机走。五年的结婚纪念日到了。 她希望在这样的日子能够重叙旧好，他的心能收一收。他和她举杯，烛光摇映着他们幸福的笑脸，她会觉得好开心……那一晚，她等到很晚，他回来了，是被同事架着回来的，据说他又完成了一个大订单……第二天，他醒来后一个劲地给她道歉，可她既没生气，也没哭泣，她很平静地望着他，没有说一句话。他被她的样子吓着了。 …… 滨江路她常去，一个人静静地站在乳化机江边流泪。时间久了，心被麻木紧紧包裹，她学会坦然地面对他的一切。她再为他哭泣，也不再他生气，她只剩下平静。这样的婚姻，她常常想。到底“这样”里面包含着怎样的内容？五年来的婚姻生活，就如一江春水，付之东流？没有留下什么吗？如果说以前为他而伤心气流干燥机是因为爱，现在她的哀怨的眼神中依然有爱，是不舍，为着这段即将要结束的婚姻。这样的婚姻，他珍惜过吗？她已经不太愿意去想这些问题，她还爱着他，她也希望她能坚守到最后一刻。他如果真的爱她的话。 这样的婚姻…… 新疆维吾尔自治区地图 d86pcd86pc 2010-09-07 01:52 那不只是衣服
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那不只是衣服 看中 奢侈品代购 一件非常心仪的衣服，只要我喜欢我就不会掩饰。老板看透我的心思，信心满满地说我穿着一定好看，却坚持只让我比对一下。我挺遗憾 真空阀门 的抚摸了它一遍，再亲手将它挂回原处，在老板惊愕的表 前列腺炎 情里，径直转身离开。我已习惯： 那不只是衣服 看中奢侈品代购一件非常心仪的衣服，只要我喜欢我就不会掩饰。老板看透我的心思，信心满满地说我穿着一定好看，却坚持只让我比对一下。我挺遗憾真空阀门的抚摸了它一遍，再亲手将它挂回原处，在老板惊愕的表前列腺炎情里，径直转身离开。我已习惯：衣服再好，不让上身，绝对不买。 我想每个女生都会经历这样一杭州装饰公司个阶段：在衣店里流连，把看上的衣服搬回家，回家后发现不适合，然后开始压不孕不育检查箱底，这样的女生有一个特点，买的衣服都不敢是贵的；即使在父母的唠叨中，舍身穿上几次，也终杭州搬家公司究改变不了衣服冷宫的命运。 曾经，我也一样。以为搬skf轴承回很多衣服，将其塞满衣柜，就已经完成所有程序了。那时候女生往往都是浮躁的，所以守着满满深圳搬家的衣柜，却成天喊着，我没有衣服穿，带着这种急于买衣的心理，在衣店游荡，其结果只能是恶xing循环。 男生不喜欢逛街，也不喜欢比对，但是男隔膜泵生看上的衣服一般都是自己喜欢的，即使不喜欢，大多也会认命散热器的穿上。曾经有一个男生跟我说，为了不浪费搭配衣服的时间，他很多衣服都买两套，今天换了，明天再穿，这是一个很上进男生的极jv乳缩小品典型。 男生买衣丰乳没有女生左右比划，反复试穿的纠结，难怪很多衣店男生的衣服都在一楼，女生的衣服往往需要更上几层楼。男生衣服的款式不多，所以侧瘦脸重质量和牌子，在经济条件允许埋线双眼皮的情况下，我看很好。曾经陪ZG去买过一件大衣，当时他喜欢黑色，我建议他买大地色，原因就是，越上植发乘的衣服，色泽越是纯正，那是仿品效仿不来的，黑色太容北京搬家易被模仿了。很高兴，他听了我的建议。 其实，男装我没机会注意，嘎嘎~~就是机票女装的牌子，我记得的也不多，因为实在是一个不喜欢增加记忆负担的人，但是我要胶体磨是有记着的，那一定是我相当喜欢的，这种喜欢会很持久，很深沉。记得曼玉说过：所有的衣服，只要穿在我身上，那就只有一个牌子，曼玉牌。（不知道有没有记错人就是。）这句话绝了点，但是我喜欢。 不同的人逛街的习惯都不一样。SS说：跟我逛一次街吧，我能说出你的人生观是什么。精明如她，这个我完全相信。 我逛街喜欢第货运公司一眼感觉，然后再是细看。经过一家店铺，一路瞄过，没有我喜欢的，我就会干练的飘过。也许我会错过一些好衣服，但是我更执着的认为，如果老板，连自己特色的衣服都不知道怎么陈列出来，她的衣服我不买也罢。 BB就不一样，她会细细的淘，说实物流公司在的，有时候我有点受不了她，但是看她也帮我掏出几件很不错的衣服后，我就心服口服了，经验就这样出来了，每到一个店子，我没有发现眼见的，就乖乖坐在一旁休息，放她去一件件的过目，我再来审查她的成果，我们合作很好。一句话概括就是：进店，放BB。 PP每一件衣服都蛮漂亮，但是我发现，她的衣服完全不能混搭，以致太冷或太热的时候，都找不到合适的衣服来加减，我想这也是她个xing的一种吧，她问我一般怎么买衣服，我说我会有主色调，一件衣服最好有两三种搭法再买。看着她在镜子面前娇嗔，我差点笑岔气。 XX总嚷着要变身，隔段时间就会喷雾干燥机疯狂一次，冷不丁就血拼回一堆衣服，她是我见过的最可爱的人，其实她不是想买那么多的，但往往因为这条裙子而去买一件上衣，又因为这件上衣去买一双靴子……最后一堆东西回来，下次她又会继续嚷着自己要变身。 西藏自治区地图 d86pcd86pc 2010-09-07 01:50 太阳每天都是新的
http://www.gispark.com/plus/view.php?aid=3039
太阳每天都是新的 天刚 安全阀 蒙蒙亮，窗外淅沥地下着秋雨。病房的那头，隐约地传来悲凉的哭泣声。听那声音，是一个人生命的历程嘎然结束，匆匆地 苏州男科 丢下一具皮囊，到另外一个世界去了。是活着的后人，在为死 杭州装修公司 者哀伤。 我邻床七十余 上海翻译公司 太阳每天都是新的 天刚安全阀蒙蒙亮，窗外淅沥地下着秋雨。病房的那头，隐约地传来悲凉的哭泣声。听那声音，是一个人生命的历程嘎然结束，匆匆地苏州男科丢下一具皮囊，到另外一个世界去了。是活着的后人，在为死杭州装修公司者哀伤。 我邻床七十余上海翻译公司岁的糖尿病人，已经熬过第七个日日夜夜，未进一粒米，呼吸艰难。那被病魔进口轴承所折磨的人，艰难的喘息声，是一种透自心底的无奈。承受着的磨难和病痛的折磨，一下子拉长了白天与黑夜距离，今天早晨终于抵抗不了称重给煤机病魔的侵袭，也撒手西去了。但那新鲜的太阳，每天还是蓬勃的升起，还是一如继往地那般绚丽。他躺在螺杆泵病床上，终于战胜病魔，迎来了新的一天，我在傻傻地想：人的生命有时是特价机票坚强的，有时却又是极其脆弱的。但我要说：太阳每天都是新的。就象人的生命，每天迎来日出日落，春夏秋冬，似乎是天理使然，平淡得再也不能yin道紧缩平淡。冥冥之中似乎又蕴含着什么？ 然而,人这台破损的机韩式双眼皮器，随着呼吸的吐纳，还能运行，还能发出声音，还能维持生命基本的活力，实在是割双眼皮一个伟大的胜利，一个奇迹，一个了不起的历程。 人的生命是渺小的，但这chunv膜躯体组织的机器，却又是极其复杂和庞大的。首先：由胃的索取，再到肺的输出，要解下巴整形决呼吸、所需能量的采纳，再通过心脏的跳动，将它的能修复chunv膜量转换到肝，到血液的流动，到大脑的思考，到手、脚、再到人的活动、****。这一系列运动的过程的维持搬家公司是多么不易呀。 太阳每天是新的，生命每一天烘干机也是新的。能熬过一个个的日日夜夜，将生命延续下来，这实在是值得称赞的奇迹。 一个生命垂危的病人，要延续自己一天的生上海运输命时光，化上千万元资金也是很难做到的。人的一生，其实也就是倒计时的过上海物流程。短短的几十年光yin，也就一瞬间的事。平淡的生命以及它的意义之所在，人每天为之努力，为之上海物流付出，为之追求的理想，意义、结果，穷其一生也是很难弄清楚的。 这是我亲眼见到一个老人，在弥留之际所说的话语，所感悟到的。 前一ugg ブーツ天，有一位老人，入住到同一个病房，生命垂危。经过医生精心的抢救和医治，家人的细心护理，终于艰难地度过了一天。第二天病情稍有好转，吃一点水饺后，有一家人来看望她，刚开始还不能言语，但过了一会，却冷不丁地吩咐丈夫为客人“泡茶”。我在邻床，听那声音，极富磁性，有一种满深圳搬家公司足和充实，与丈夫厮守一生的无怨无悔，和自己的辛劳贫苦一生的了无遗憾。她几个儿女因为有事出差在外，没一人在身边。说完这句话后，约二十几分钟，生命即到了临终前的昏迷状态，不省人事了。医生跑来一看，瞳仁散了，呼吸也变得困难起来，赶紧球磨机吸氧、抢救。家人说：算了，没有什么抢救意义了，如果再晚一点回去，死在屋外，就连自己平时住居的房子，也是不能进了。 这就是一个人的生命，她没有什么远大志向和豪言壮语，她平淡而又充实。人啊，这就是人。我在想：太阳每天出来都是新的，但鲜艳的太阳赋予人的意义是什么呢？日出是美丽的，落日是辉煌的；艳阳喷雾干燥机是灼热的，即使夜晚的蛰伏，也赋予太阳特殊的含义。它不正像人从青年、到中年、再到老年！追求理想的人，应该时刻关注自己所经历的过程，平凡的日子，成功的背后，而不仅仅是成功的一瞬间了。珍惜生命，感受生命每一刻才是呀。 新疆维吾尔自治区地图 d86pcd86pc 2010-09-07 01:48 谁是最美丽的女人
http://www.gispark.com/plus/view.php?aid=3038
谁是最美丽的女人 路旁停 破碎机 了几个出租车，司机是几个小哥们，很年轻，很爱玩闹，闲来无事，欣赏起了在大街上走来走去的女人，一个说:哥几个看看，来比较比较，哪一 截止阀 个最女人 首先闯入他们视线的是一个身材高挑苗条的女人，容貌姣好，化了妆。口红，眼影化 谁是最美丽的女人 路旁停破碎机了几个出租车，司机是几个小哥们，很年轻，很爱玩闹，闲来无事，欣赏起了在大街上走来走去的女人，一个说:”哥几个看看，来比较比较，哪一截止阀个最女人" 首先闯入他们视线的是一个身材高挑苗条的女人，容貌姣好，化了妆。口红，眼影化得很重。穿一件大领子的黑色蕾丝长裙，一双很高跟的黑色皮质凉鞋，单肩配一个白色的皮质包包，走起苏州xing功能障碍路来，昂首挺胸，扭动细腰，一头染黄的长发，随风飘摆。几个哥们说：“哇！正点！这才是杭州办公室装修真正的女人。 接下来看得几个，都不太阳能热水器够美，不是容貌差，就是穿着不够品位，“太平凡了”，几个哥们摇头，大都认为还是刚刚那个女人最女人。” 后来过来的几个姐们真是乱穿，衣服穿的层北京翻译公司层叠叠的好几层的，还有胡乱搭配，不伦不类的。更有nsk轴承甚者，一女人穿一件短的不可再短的超短裙走了过来，几个哥们夸张地大笑，还有一位夸张地捂上了眼睛，大喊不敢再看。那超短裙仿佛觉察了，逃也似的潜水泵走远了。 这时候，走过离心泵来一个年轻妈妈，领着她打扮的像小公主一样的四、五岁的小女儿。女人化了淡妆，很漂亮但不妖冶，蓬松自然地挽起长发。身体微微发福，大约是怀孕所致。但是身体匀称，穿着得体，一身套装，一件花领子的黑色短袖体恤，一条同样花色的裙裤。衣服质地轻柔，短袖收身，裙裤飘逸。看上去很舒服，也不丰下巴失品位。一个哥们说：“这女人，会吸脂减肥穿。好在不乱搭。” 女人边走边不时的指着路旁的店铺温柔祛斑可亲地告诉女儿，这些都是什么店，卖什么的。看到公用电话，小女儿想摸摸。女人就抱起她让她尽情地摸，并时chunv膜修复时微笑地讲解着，告诉她怎样用。看奥美定完电话，女人蹲下身来，又微笑着爱怜的给小女儿擦鼻子，然后轻轻地点点女儿嫩嫩的小鼻头，逗得孩子咯咯地笑，母女俩笑作一团。根本没有感觉到这几个哥们的存在。 继续前行时，女人说：“小宝贝，快chunv膜修补走，回家给爸爸，给我宝贝，做好吃的去，今天我们吃什么，宝贝？孩子嫩嫩地小北京搬家公司电话声音响起了：吃爸爸最爱吃的红烧肉，行不行，妈妈？”女人笑得更深了：“当然可以了，宝贝！你都懂得爱爸干燥设备爸了，妈妈真开心，走喽……” 女人拉着小女外匯儿嫩嫩的小手，已经走远，这几个哥们，还在看，看的有些痴了，其中一个嫉妒地说：“哪个小子这么有福气，能娶到这么机票好的媳妇！” 大家一致认为，这才是他们今天看到的最美丽的女人。 1932年的4月27日，夜，已深了。 尹奉吉独坐案前，挥洒着上海物流他的悲壮，他分别给父母、妻子及两个儿子写了遗言，字里行间蕴含着几许深情和不舍，又流淌着舍生取义的凛然，“风萧萧兮易水寒、壮士一去兮不复返”。 4月29日清晨，尹奉吉悄然离家，他装扮成日本阔少，肩跨装有烈xing药的军用水壶，手提装有烈xing药的方便饭盒，凭着机智和勇敢顺利进入虹口公园。出席此次庆祝会的有日本公使重光葵，驻上海总上海运输公司领事村井，侵华日本总司令白川义则等日本军政要员和英、法、美等国的领事，以及日本海、陆、空军1万余人和日侨1万余人。他原向天笑，去留肝胆两昆仑”。 空蒙山色烟霏晚，绵延不绝的春制砂机雨将他的记忆拉长再拉长，翻阅历史厚重的画卷，在他波澜壮阔的一生中，有很多年轻的名字是他必须记住的。安重根、金益湘、李奉昌、柳相根、崔兴发等等，是他们和尹奉吉一样前赴后继，根据组织的安排，实施了一系列暗杀日本人的感人壮举，构成了韩国独立运动极富传奇带式干燥机的一面。是他们展示了韩国志士“宁为玉碎，不为瓦全”的刚烈xing格，震慑了日本侵略者，鼓舞了民族斗志。 新疆维吾尔自治区地图 d86pcd86pc 2010-09-07 01:46 什么会制约SEO的最终效果
http://www.gispark.com/plus/view.php?aid=3037
什么会制约SEO的最终效果 百度的首页也就10个位置，你 seo 也SEO，我也SEO，学学技术，修改代码，基本上每个人都会做，但每个人最后的结果都不能很快达到自己的理想，就好比当每个人都有枪的时候，其实安全这个词，已经就离我们远去了。除开搜索引擎的人为干预，技术的 什么会制约SEO的最终效果 百度的首页也就10个位置，你seo也SEO，我也SEO，学学技术，修改代码，基本上每个人都会做，但每个人最后的结果都不能很快达到自己的理想，就好比当每个人都有枪的时候，其实安全这个词，已经就离我们远去了。除开搜索引擎的人为干预，技术的限制外，更重要的是：SEO仅仅就是修改下页面这么简单吗？ 我的理解是：远远没有这么简seo单，而总体来说，强调技术层面的SEO的人，只是低级层面的优化专家，只是就一个方面（比如教你怎么分析关键字）进行研究的人，充其量只是SEO爱好者而已，SEO应该和网络营销放在一个层面，甚至可以认为是网络营销的一个重要组成部分：SEO不伟大，它永远只是网站发展的一个方面，而且还是很小的一个方面。那么，到底是哪些方面制约了SEO的最终效果呢？ 外部链接的不断增加 这个是很多做SEO的人容易忽视的google排名问题，如果不能够几何数字的增加外链，就不太能够保持一个稳定的排名，水涨船高这个话大家都知道，随着你的网站的排名不断上升，随着你网站的流量的增加，你的对手就变化的越快，层次就越高，随之你需要的支撑就需要越多，那么，如何来持续不断的增加外链呢？ （1） 软文写作 每天最好都要有自己的内容出现在网络上，即使是自上海托运己不会写也要找个会写的人帮助自己写作几篇关于自己的网站的软文，原创的软文更能让人转载，然后通过一系列的转载行为，外链的增加是有一定保证的。 （2） 论坛的个性签名 可以找一些和你网站类似风格和人气指数比较高管道泵的论坛，注册会员后，设置个性签名，一方面使你的文章有固定的发布地点，另一方面每天抽出一个小时时间专门进行回帖 流量的不断增加 如果想要排名稳定，网站的流量也是需要随着网上海运输公司站的排名不断增加的，但排名的提高往往和流量的提高并不成正比，那么，我们就需要通过链接流量，软文流量，导入流量，广告流量等多钟方面来进行流量的跟进。 内容的更新和原创 保持每天的更新是一件痛苦的事情，但的确是不可缺少的，而随着网站的发展，原创也是必须的，所以，除了自己写文章原创外，还要大量的请专业软文写手为自己创作，保证每天都能有好的有价值的文章出现。那化工泵你的网站流量将不断的增加。 所以在SEO时代，所谓的那些技术已经是不值钱了，想要提高排名，必须在很多方面进行努力，不仅要熟练掌握技术，会基本的页面制作，程序编写，还要有很多新的文章，交朋友，努力工作，坚持不懈，这样的行为，不仅仅是个人能够独立承受的，SEO的团队化和资源化肯定是以后发展的趋势，而个人SEO的没落也是必然 西藏自治区地图 d86pcd86pc 2010-09-07 01:44 One you the moves
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One you the moves I think at nfl jerseys this moment, we just grabbed the ship s trackers in the cliff climbing, tragic to the sound of the Yangtze cheap jordans River s No. child transmission far; because the child, connected to our mind, because b One you the moves I think at nfl jerseys this moment, we just grabbed the ship s trackers in the cliff climbing, tragic to the sound of the Yangtze cheap jordans River s No. child transmission far; because the child, connected to our mind, because bridal dresses the child, we join hands! Although each step is so difficult, when the tow rope had deeply Le into our arms, we fashion sunglasses feel a long way! However, teachers in fashion clothes front of you, my heart was filled with tremendous guilt. Please forgive me for not standing with you the same height, to examine gucci shoes their own shortcomings with the kids, I should not give and confused their children ball valve s care. I once stubbornly think that they nike air max recognized what everything is right, I do not allow people to argue, there are dissenting cheap dofus kamas voices allowed into the my ears. I even forced the child s will, I hope he can be obedient designer sunglasses to me everywhere. I even blindly worship the golden stick out a good man doctrine, the children carried out severe and harsh flogging. Also, after every angry gauze remorse, the mood was ruined again and again repeated attack. I have to admit, this is the genetic consequences. Can I take this habit, passed along from generation to generation? But I will give children a tough connector character, as nail care the Chinese children, I can give him, only hard-working, persevering in the traditional spirit! Children still have a long way ahead, I can not control, in charge of his life. Only hope that something in a different spirit to the child s body in the continuity of heritage. Although he is now so unwieldy, like a baby just learning to walk, every step is so staggering, but I can pigment yellow only wish him in silence: well all the way! In many cases, he accidentally fell down, I hope I have ball valve not a trace of reproach in the eyes, mouth and no trace of ridicule. The child, how could not when wrestling? The road of life, there will be many stumbling blocks, in fact, wrestling is not terrible, terrible is not getting up and fell down. I hope I have enough patience to wait for his slow climb cheap nike from the ground up, because after the road, there will be more mud, swamps and pits. In fact, it does not stuck to a terrible, terrible thing is that they can not extricate themselves caught one! In many cases, looking at naughty children to rely on the tory burch ground, I make every effort to pull him over and over again, I felt I had bridesmaid dresses exhausted and powerless. My heart is always filled with heavy hearts, cream the general worry: I really want coach tote to curse out loud, want to scold him stupid, call him stupid, call him iron can not become steel; call him to live up to my expectations, criticizing He betrayed my trust ... ... But I caution myself: Do not scold out loud! coach tote bag Do not write more anger in the face! I do not want to see the faces of children that is full of childish tears fall is wronged! Chuangxia on his evil, nor trumpet; on his mistakes, to understand can be inclusive, then serious consequences early on revealed to him. In the eyes of children, teachers are their idols. When gucci bag children have Dianqi toes, foolishly, when you look up, you will take advantage of leaned over and gently asked: Do you? Will not quickly - follow me now! When children rush to emulate your time, you will not forget football shirts to praise and affirmation: Well, done a good job! Further amend escort shanghai the amendment will be better! When children are the key to find that constantly modify their time, you will find that you have easy to free himself! 新疆维吾尔自治区地图 d86pcd86pc 2010-09-07 01:40 烟草局长韩峰日记完整版原文
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如果你还不知道这位大名鼎鼎的烟草局长韩峰的话，那你就OUT了，而如果你还不知道有一份烟草局长日记的话，那你估计就是外星人了。韩峰局长日记不异是一部新的官场现形记。有网友就这样评论这位烟草局长韩峰的日记非常简练，但真实生动，文笔流畅，充分刻画人物内心世界 如果你还不知道这位大名鼎鼎的烟草局长韩峰的话，那你就OUT了，而如果你还不知道有一份烟草局长日记的话，那你估计就是外星人了。韩峰局长日记不异是一部新的官场现形记。有网友就这样评论这位烟草局长韩峰的日记“非常简练，但真实生动，文笔流畅，充分刻画人物内心世界，尤其是细节描述得较好”。那么这些局长日记原文中到底记载了些什么东西呢？还是让我们来看看烟草局长韩峰日记完整版原文。
先来说明一下：日记里先后出现与其有特殊关系之女性有：
彭霞（身份不明，很可能是部下，前情人，特点是yin道紧，在一起一年半，花费4万）
小盘（盘姗姗，部下，到手不易，zuo爱厉害，先后送了手机、相机等）
杨淑红（省局同事，广西烟草学会秘书长，床上猛，上下都厉害，但较小资，时常电话短信緾人，令韩烦厌）
谭善芳（日记里小谭，阿芳为同一人。部下，属主动进攻型，yin道宽，zuo爱猛，服务好，较讨韩喜欢）
李丽（钦州老情人，网络资料显示为主体业主，家境可能一般，其中一次给了2000元）
莫瑶（部下，清纯型，已有默契，2007年尚未上手，估计到今年2010年早已被无数次拿下）
烟草局长韩峰日记完整版原文：
四月
4月1日 星期日 19─32℃多云
一天在家写完要讲的稿子。
4月2日 星期一 13─19℃阴
上午在家做完《漫谈中国医改和教改》的幻灯演示。下午3点阿武来后去北海。晚上吴常周请全体一起吃饭，邓在另一个箱。喝了不少酒。
4月3日 星期二 16─22℃小雨
一天王书成讲《人力资源管理》课。中午邓又过来一起喝了点酒。晚上刘育俊和他的几个部长一起请吃饭，叫王书成一起参加，又喝了不少酒，再去唱歌，坐了一下，回。杨淑红发疯了一样，骚扰，像没有谈过恋爱一样，真是吓人！不理她了。
4月4日 星期三 12─17℃小雨
上午我讲《漫谈中国教改和医改》，结束了。下午3点回南宁，不回来宾了。
4月5日 星期四 11─13℃阴
上午先去文化市场看一下CD碟，买了几张。再去取了E70的后盖50元。吃了饭回。中午开了一下1359723*****机，杨淑红又来骚扰，看讨厌了！真幸亏上次在北海没有碰她，这样搞真的要出事的！不能再她了，用信息讲了她一下，今后再不理她了。下午在家。
4月6日 星期五 11─14℃阴
一天在家，看了两片DVD碟。只出去买了米。
4月7日 星期六 11─18℃阴
一天在家。
4月8日 星期日 14─20℃雨
莎今天回了，阿武去接的。
4月9日 星期一 15─20℃阴
上午和阿武回来宾。下午去办公室处理一下文件。晚上崇左吴汉华带了一帮人来，先和他们吃一下，再去等凌为民和孔小荣他们过来。喝了不少酒。
4月10日 星期二 15─20℃多云
一天开经济运行分析会，一季度情况很好。中午吴汉华他们还在一起喝了点酒。晚上和大家一起吃饭，中行的吴行长等也一起，喝了不少酒。
4月11日 星期三 16─24℃晴
上午到办公室处理一下文件，再和李金友和钟红兰谈话。下午在宿舍上网。
4月12日 星期四 15─26℃阴
办公室说杨淑红和李章达要来检查明码标价的工作，上午到办公室，结果她下午才来。一起谈一下，再去看一下物流。吃饭前走去看一下这项工作，结果很不到位，要么就是不标，要么就是标签不统一，看来要整顿一下。更要命的是在国大边的一个叫金叶的专卖店居然摆买着走私烟，还不少。吃了饭叫市局稽查队去查，一查查出的东西不少，走私烟就有4件多，还知道这个店是苏琪武开的！好看。晚上去杨淑红的房间，和她做了一个晚上的爱，她功夫还好，上下都厉害。
4月13日 星期五 16─24℃阴
上午到办公室布置一下对各县局的明码标价事进行检查。再陪杨淑红等吃了早餐他们走了，我再回南宁。明天和莎去昆明，再去一下香格里拉。
4月14日 星期六 18─26℃晴
上午阿武送到机场。9点30的飞机。红河的老刘和冯太生等接。又遇到防港的张新荣、卓开良、符德潮等，一起吃午饭再去红河。晚上邱厂长和冯总、桂总、刘助理等一起吃饭，饭后老严和老刘，欧阳陪去洗脚。
4月15日 星期日 10─18℃多云
吃了早餐大家一起去昆明，防港的去红云。中午和刘霄鹏、大饼一起吃饭，刘霄鹏喝多了。休息一下，下午3点半的飞机，飞到香格里拉，半道看到经过了雪山顶，后来才知道是哈巴雪山，照了照片。5点多到，这里8点多才天黑，下了飞机就感到头有点眩，可能是高原反应。导游小刘和司机小杨带去吃藏族餐，吃不惯。住在实力宾馆，四星级的，但服务不好。
4月16日 星期一 2─10℃晴
昨晚吃了去痛片和安定片，头不痛了，而莎头痛了。看来都是高原反应。上午去香格里拉国家森林公园，风景美，在公园内吃饭。3点多回到城里后去古城看了一下，莎买了5克藏红花，花了250元。
4月17日 星期二 6─12℃晴
今天要赶到丽江，吃了早餐出发，一路下坡，围着哈巴雪山走，半路上莎买了个用红豆杉做的杯子。11点多到了虎跳峡，看了一下，照了照片。再回到虎跳镇吃饭，饭后导游小刘回香格里拉，我们去丽江，远远看了一下万里长江第一弯。4点多到丽江，住在烟草公司办的宾馆，四星级的。晚饭后导游小吕带我们去丽江古城看了一下，人多，吵。
4月18日 星期三 6─15℃多云
上午吃了早餐去玉龙雪山，导游说要中午要下来，不然下午起了风，缆车就下不来了。租了衣服，怕上去后冷。沿路拍了些照片，看到格桑花了。到了山脚等缆车的人不少，排了约一个小时的队上了山，在缆车上也拍了不少照片。在山上蓝蓝的天，有云，白白的雪，不冰川，真是个拍照片的好日子！因有太阳，不冷。走到了能上去的最高点4486米。下来正好12点多点，去到束河古镇吃饭。照了点照片。再回到丽江古城坐下来喝咖啡，照照片。5点多回到宾馆吃饭，和欧阳、司机小杨一起喝了一瓶酒，装了一部分照片给欧阳。
4月19日 星期四 8─16℃晴
上午吃了早餐去机场，应是9点10分的飞机，因飞机修理，晚点了一下，又因丽江大风又晚点了一下，11点20才起飞，12点多点到昆明，老严和老刘接。吃了饭2点10分飞桂林。莎3点半飞南宁。梁国雄接，晚上会议聚餐，喝了不少酒。
4月20日 星期五 18─24℃多云
上午大会，让外省的老总们讲话。下午平衡计划，和冯、梁等一起到几个省的住房走走。晚上聚餐，喝了不少酒，再和他们去唱了一下歌。
4月21日 星期六 20─26℃多云
上午吃了早餐回南宁，其实外省的也没几个人留下来的。和朱东波、冯太生一起在王灵吃中饭。下午在家。真累了！
4月22日 星期日 21─28℃阴
上午和莎上街，花花公子鞋开胶了，买了一又鞋子，花了480元。再买了一个17寸的海信液晶电视，2310元。下午搞一下照片。晚上和王书成一起吃饭，他的项目要搞了。
4月23日 星期一 24─30℃阴
上午阿武到了后回来宾。阿梅她们又帮我换了床上用品，搞了卫生。把液晶电视装起来，清晰度怪怪的。下午到办公室处理一下文件，和几个科室的交代了一下工作。再和阿苏谈了一下他亲戚烟被抓的事。
4月24日 星期二 18─24℃阴
10点区局要求班子成员到区局参加国家局的电视电话会。只开了一个半小时，给张局长报告了一下要买的地皮问题。吃了中午饭回来宾。下午在宿舍。晚上和邓家珍、朱异、陈璋等一起吃饭。
4月25日 星期三 18─25℃阴
上午在宿舍。下午到办公室，和苏、钟向东、廖源等谈一下工作和他们的事。
4月26日 星期四 17─26℃阴
上午到一下办公室。下午带了10多人去玉林，晚上和他们一起喝酒，喝多了。
4月27日 星期五 18─24℃雨
上午吃了早餐回来宾。下午在宿舍。
4月28日 星期六 17─22℃雨
上午开会改选工会委员，让老马当主席。下午去一下办公室，处理文件。晚上请陈卫红和唐柳春、阿全过来，加上物流的人共搞了16桌，黄桂廷还叫给他开了五台，他搞搬新居，两边走，喝了不少。
4月29日 星期日 16─19℃雨
上午10点和阿武回南宁，明天坐12点15分的飞机飞武汉。
4月30日 星期一 15─19℃多云
上午收拾东西。12点15分的飞机，到了武汉，小徐接。住武昌的帅府，让小徐这几天不用理我。霜5点到，一走在“阿二靓汤”吃。
五月
5月1日 星期二 16─22℃多云
上午三人去电脑街走走，在诺基亚专卖店买了个6300机，2280元，送了一电一座充。再走走群光，吃了饭回。晚上在旁边的小店吃饭。
5月2日 星期三 16─24℃晴
上午三人去武汉植物园，人太多，太阳又大。中午三人吃粥。下午打的去小三家，她们搬了新家。110平平方米，17楼。晚上大家去吃自助餐，饭后回帅府。
5月3日 星期四 18─25℃晴
上午霜要做作业，和莎去电脑城走走，我买了个独脚架，花了300元。中午三人在旁边的“金三利”饭店吃饭，还不错。下午在房间，晚上三人吃自助餐。
5月4日 星期五 17─26℃晴
霜做作业，和莎去电脑城我买了个独脚架的云台，花了300元。下午在房间，晚上三人去吃咖啡店的饭。
5月5日 星期六 18─25℃晴
上午三人去霜的学校，给他收拾一下东西。中午三人回到“金三利”吃饭。下午在房间。晚上三人吃自助餐。
5月6日 星期日 18─27℃晴
上午霜要去新东方上课，和莎走一下街。下午在房间。霜4点多出来。冯太生和他老婆、梁国雄、小卢等已到，小徐过来接。晚上孙总监、张部长等一起陪吃饭，喝了点酒。饭后回帅府住。
5月7日 星期一 18─28℃多云
上午等张部长10点多到后搬到亚洲大酒店住。中午张部长带我们去汉阳吃鱼。下午和莎走一下街，买了条裤子。晚上去步行街吃老字号的汤包，喝了点酒，再陪冯两夫妇走一下步行街。
5月8日 星期二 18─27℃晴
上午和莎、冯太生夫妇走一下商店。11点张部长过来后一起去蔡甸吃饭，要走30多公里，到一个农场吃的，还不错。2点半走，张部长要去安徽，我们直接去机场。3点半到机场，坐到5点半才登机。到了贵阳朱兵接，到了饭店关总等着了，一起吃饭，喝了不少酒，他们集团的人力资源部的苏部长（冯太生的党校同学）过来，又喝了不少，再去唱歌，喝多了。
5月9日 星期三 20─28℃晴
吃了早餐小徐陪我们去黄果树。看了龙宫溶洞，看了天星桥，再看了黄果树大瀑布。7点多才回到贵阳。乔总和苏部长陪我们吃饭。再去唱歌。11点多回。
5月10日 星期四 22─32℃多云
上午朱兵陪我们吃了早餐，到机场，10点半飞南宁。下午在家收拾一下。晚饭后和阿武回来宾。
5月11日 星期五 20─28℃多云
一天经济运行分析会，从这个月的数据显示，各项工作好多了，4月份的销量也不错。吃了晚饭后回南宁。
5月12日 星期六 18─25℃大雨
上午和莎去韦萤处，拿回了数码伴侣，其实没问题，只是他的使用方法复杂了，一下就用好了。小盘的手机被抡了，要给她买回一个。
5月13日 星期日 20─27℃多云
上午去取了2000元。下午和莎去文化市场买书。
5月14日 星期一 19─27℃多云
上午阿武到后，先和他去手机店买了个诺基亚6300机。下午开党支部会，结果先出新的支委，钟红兰等三人。
5月15日 星期二 24─32℃多云
上午把手机给了小盘，处理一下文件。下午王书成等来讲一下人力资源管理项目的事，这个工作要花80万元，让他们去讲讲价，能压一下更好。晚上和他们喝酒，喝多了。
5月16日 星期三 25─31℃阵雨
上午在宿舍。下午开党组会讨论处分、竞聘等问题。吃了晚饭回南宁，明天要飞云南。
5月17日 星期四 12─20℃雨
上午10点的飞机，准点到，来的人真不少，吃了饭去红河。晚上大厅吃饭，广西的大家斗酒，喝了不少。
5月18日 星期五 10─16℃雨
上午在庆来学校庆典，一大堆人讲话，烦。下午看赛车。晚上不出去，早睡。
5月19日 星期六 11─16℃阴
上午没事，吃了中饭，和柳州、玉林、防港一起赶飞机，结果高速路堵车，走老路而赶不上飞机，改晚上的机了。和东波等逛商店。吃了晚饭上飞机。11点多到家。
5月20日 星期日 18─30阴
上午9点50和覃敏良飞北京。1点到，杨寿强接。谈总要请我们吃晚饭，就和吕郁全(在国家局党校学习)去五棵松的摄影器材市场买了台宾得K10D相机和一支西格玛21—200mm镜头，花了9700元，回去让高祥搞清。吃晚饭和杨寿强喝了酒，去平谷培训中心报到，这里不错。
5月21日 星期一 18—31℃阴
上午姜成康来讲话，讲得好。下午赵国臣讲《公司法》。
5月22日 星期二 16—22℃雨
上午张保振讲科技课，下午监察局的高林局长讲课。晚上看演出。
5月23日 星期三 16—23℃雨
上午邢万里司长讲课，这人怪怪的，看似无文化但对事明白。下午专卖魏司长讲课，差。晚上北京烟厂请吃饭。
5月24日 星期四 18—31℃浮尘
上午财务司的郝副司长讲课，一般。下午讨论。下午天灰蒙蒙的，是浮尘。明天回去了，下午2点的飞机。
5月25日 星期五 18—32℃浮尘
上午学员发言和总结，10点就结束了，杨寿强11点到，即去机场。简单吃点上飞机，2点30起飞，杨寿强帮买了头等仓，贵了一半多，本来1200元的，现在是3000元。5点半到。
5月26日 星期六 22─29℃多云
上午和莎去韦萤处，给了她原霜用的手机和一个蓝牙耳机。下午在家。
5月27日 星期日 24─33℃多云
上午在家。下午和莎去新梦，吃了饭回。
5月28日 星期一 25─33℃多云
一天在家，和莎搞卫生。今天报到，明天区局开政治工作会和甲大股东会，开两天。
5月29日 星期二 24─32℃阴
上午大会。下午讨论。晚上大会吃饭，喝了不少酒。
5月30日 星期三 24─33℃阴
上午讨论和总结。下午甲大股东会，商业把甲大的1.7亿股分全部无偿转让给广西中烟公司。反正我们才57万，转了这笔资金就不是不良资产了。晚上一起吃饭，又喝了不少酒。
5月31日 星期四 25─32℃雨
上午9点和阿武回来宾。下午到办公室处理一下文件和财务的报帐事务。
六月
6月1日 星期五 26─33℃阴
上午到办公室和他们谈一下工作，11点职工运动会闭幕，和大家一起吃饭，又喝了不少酒。下午休息。晚上和阿苏和阿刚一起吃饭，谈一下阿苏姐夫经营卷烟的事。又喝多了。
6月2日 星期六 25─33℃雨
上午本想参加地税局大楼的开业，不舒服，叫阿苏去了。11点半和阿武回南宁。
6月3日 星期日 26─33℃阴
上午和莎去买了个偏振镜225元。在南宁饭店吃了饭回。
6月4日 星期一 26─33℃阴
一天在家，和莎搞了一下卫生。区局通知下午在区公司九楼开会，民主推荐一个正厅巡视员，一个副厅巡视员，两名区局副职，阿贵到点了。推了我自己。晚上和几个局长一起吃饭。喝了不少酒。
6月5日 星期二 26─34℃雨
上午9点半和阿武回来宾。下午到办公室处理一下文件。
6月6日 星期三 25─33℃雨
上午到办公室处理一下文件，和他们谈一下工作。下午在宿舍搞一下摄影的专题。晚上和张玲他们一起吃饭，喝了不少酒，再去了一下歌厅。
6月7日 星期四 23─30℃雨
上午在宿舍，休息一下。下午开会，听几个满一年的副科述职。晚上谈海洋回来和营销科的人一起和他吃饭，喝了不少酒。
6月8日 星期五 24─29℃阴
上午在宿舍搞一下摄影的专题，想在中心组会上给他们讲一讲。正午3点半和阿武回南宁。南宁热，晚上要开空调睡。
6月9日 星期六 24─31℃阴
上午和莎去电脑广场走走，吃了饭回。南宁真是热，这几天天天都天气预报报大到暴雨，结果什么雨都没有。下午晚上把摄影的几个专题搞完。
6月10日 星期日 24─32℃阴
上午去理发。今天凉快一点了。下午用电脑。整理了几张丽江的照片。
6月11日 星期一 23─33℃阵雨
上午和阿武回来宾。下午写《烟草改革》。晚上和来开安全总结会的代表吃饭。喝了不少酒，结果小盘送我回来时，手机不知什么时候开了，在房间门我说要亲小盘让莎听到了，她在发雷霆，我也发气了。
6月12日 星期二 24─29℃雨
一天经济运行分析会。晚上和安全会的代表吃饭。晚上喝了不少酒，12点才回。一天不开机。
6月13日 星期三 25─30℃雨
上午写《烟草改革》文章，给莎回了信，仍不开机。中午何庆清等来，叫阿全也过来，让何帮阿全的女儿搞到西大中加学院。下午写东西。
6月14日 星期四 24─32℃阴
一天在宿舍写《烟草改革》的材料。给莎复了信。不舒服，晚上8点半回南宁，本来明晚去金秀陪防港的吃饭，不去了。
6月15日 星期五 23─32℃阵雨
上午和莎去韦萤处买了一个SDHC4Gclass6的宇瞻卡。到老梦吃了饭回。下午搞完已做的《烟草改革》的演示，再做摄影课的演示。
6月16日 星期六 24─33℃大雨
上午和莎去新梦走走，吃了饭回。
6月17日 星期日 25─32℃多云
一天在家，把摄影的课做成演示。
6月18日 星期一 24─32℃阴
上午在家看一下文件。下午2点半阿武到后回来宾。到了来宾才知道他们都去象州和防港在那开中心组学习会的人吃饭，赶过去和他们一起吃饭，饭后他们去唱歌，坐一下，和小盘，阿武回来宾。
6月19日 星期二 20─33℃阴
上午在宿舍写《烟草改革的材料》。下午开党组会，讨论竞聘上岗的事。5点半去柳州，明天区局开中心组学习会和内管现场会。到了和他们一起吃饭，喝了酒。晚上刘军来和他们坐一下。
6月20日 星期三 26─34℃多云
上午大会，柳州局的介绍内管工作。下午演示。晚上市长请吃饭，喝了点酒，再去柳州厂，老马他们过来了，一起坐一下，喝喝歌。1点回。
6月21日 星期四 27─35℃多云
今天一天中心组学习会。晚上刘湘源请吃饭，这种饭我才不吃，出去找粥吃。
6月22日 星期五 25─35℃多云
上午是请广西大学法学院的院长上物权法课。吃了中午饭回南宁。
6月23日 星期六 26─35℃多云
上午和莎上街，到新梦走走，吃了午饭回。下午在家写《烟草改革》的材料。
6月24日 星期日 25─35℃多云
一天在家写《烟草改革》的材料，到下午搞完了。
6月25日 星期一 25─32℃多云
下午等阿武到了后，4点半去钦州。到了先去覃敏良的办公室坐一下。晚上两个班子一起吃饭，把周维佳搞清楚了。
6月26日 星期二 25─31℃雨
上午他们请新宾区信访局的韦局长讲信访课，不舒服，没去听。下午我讲《烟草改革》。晚上和钦州的打了一场篮球，再吃饭，何庆清、董文、周为明也过来了，周为明为了他女儿读书的事，才考了510多分，刚过二本，难。饭后再去钦州公司唱歌。
6月27日 星期三 25─31℃大雨
上午我讲摄影课。中午叫李丽来一下，想和她做爱，结果她来月经，给了她2000元。下午看一下电教片。晚上和爸妈、姐姐
十一月
11月1日 星期四18-28℃雨
早上吃了早餐和莎去周边的几个商场走走，没买东西。1点半送机场，李金友一起走。2点40飞南宁。6点半回到家，李金友回来宾了。
11月2日 星期五18-29℃雨
一天在家，整理一下，感冒了。
11月3日 星期六19-28℃阴
上午和莎去新梦之岛，她买衣服和包。吃了饭回。
11月4日 星期日20-29℃晴
一天在家，下午搞一下卫生。
11月5日 星期一13-23℃晴
上午阿武到后回来宾。下午到办公室处理一下文件。
11月6日 星期二11-25℃晴
上午把“文明礼貌”的讲座整理一下。中午厦门的李德辉等来，陪他们一起吃饭，喝了酒。下午在宿舍，晚上又和黄桂廷等吃饭，喝了不少酒。黄等明天去重庆和成都，让阿苏和谭善芳去。10点多谭善芳开了个车过来把我拉到她家，和******(太黄)。
11月7日 星期三11-25℃晴
一早小谭送我回来。上午看一下材料。下午去办公室，和崇左财务的坐一下。晚上给物流的员工讲“文明礼貌”讲座。
11月8日 星期四12-27℃晴
上午在宿舍，下午去一下办公室处理文件。老段和阿全来人来打篮球。晚上笔他们一起吃饭，喝了不少酒。
11月9日 星期五10-27℃晴
上午本想去一下办公室的，想想不去了，明天要去南宁参加区公司的什么市场预测培训。中午冯说红河的邱建康和冯彬等晚上要来吃饭，那要等他们了。下午去一下办公室。晚上陪邱等吃了饭，8点半回南宁。明天要参加区局的培训。
11月10日 星期六13-28℃晴
区局真是怪事叫我们也参加销售处的销售处搞的什么市场预测培训，这纯是业务的事嘛，叫我们一把手也去。在西园坐了一天，讲得又不好！晚上参加陈宇华的婚礼，喝了不少酒。
11月11日 星期日13-27℃晴
一天在家，将电脑重装了一次。
11月12日 星期一13-27℃晴
上午回来宾。下午下午去办公室处理一下文件。晚上袁利强等来和他们一起吃饭，喝了不少酒，他们去喝歌我回了。
11月13日 星期二14-27℃晴
一天经济运行会，晚上吃了饭回南宁。今天阿爸到了南宁，他要住一段时间
11月14日 星期三15-28℃晴
上午10点半阿武送机场，谭善芳昨天刚从成都回到南宁，今天跟着一起去广州。准点到广州，方主任和莫昆接。张新荣、卓开良、植文红等也在，晚上他们的刘主任和方主任陪吃饭。饭后莫昆陪去唱歌。
11月15日 星期四17-28℃晴
上午吃了早餐，莫昆陪我们去看一下“上下九”这里保存得算好，没有大动。下午在房间，晚上出去吃饭后回房间。阿芳来房间**********(太黄)。。
11月16日 星期五18-30℃晴
上午9点多吃早餐，10点半去要，机场，莫昆送，结果飞机晚点1个多小时，回到南宁也堵了一下车，4点多才回到家。
11月17日 星期六17-29℃晴
上午三人去五象广场，上了地王，每人35元，只上到54层。再到梦之岛水晶城吃饭。晚上三人去老树咖啡吃饭，再去看一下花灯。
11月18日 星期日13-24℃晴
上午三人去万达广场，给阿爸买了个三星的滑盖手机720元。
11月19日 星期一13-27℃晴
上午阿武到了后回来宾。下午到办公室处理一下文件。
11月20日 星期二11-23℃晴
上午到办公室和他们谈一下基建的事。2点半回南宁，明天要参加区局的中心组学习。晚上广东中烟的请在新城国际吃饭，饭后去唱歌，早回。
11月21日 星期三13-24℃晴
上午教授讲课，是四年前讲前苏联跨台的黄教授讲课，讲得不错。晚上席亮文请在地王52楼吃饭，阿贵也去了。早回。
11月22日 星期四15-22℃晴
上午讨论。下午区政府集合工业、商业、政府的一起开会，本意是逼我们商业多卖地产烟，结果变成要求政府多支持。明年区局给来宾的任务很好完成。晚上和他们喝了不少酒。
11月23日 星期五14-26℃晴
上午半天会，是“两个维护”在岗位的交流会，几个单位讲讲，谈天江讲讲，10点40就给结束了，要纪检组长和政工科长们都参加，真是的。下午在家。晚上终于得在家吃饭了。叫阿武去韦萤处拿了个尼康S200相机，要给小谭的。
11月24日 星期六16-26℃晴
一天在家，压点音乐，找到压FLAC格式的软件了。晚上和陈璋和李能祥吃饭。
11月25日 星期日16-26℃晴
上午三人走去文化市场，吃了饭回。这个老人家真是难对付！好奇心太重了，对什么都有种变态的好奇，有些甚至是常识内的事好要研究一番，真难搞。
11月26日 星期一8-23℃晴
阿武到后回来宾，中午刘湘源来和他们一起喝酒，喝多了。下午睡到晚上，吃了点东西到国在开了个房，谭善芳9点半来和******(太黄)。，半夜发烧，一直睡不着，怎么搞的。
11月27日 星期二8-23℃晴
早上阿芳走了洗个澡回去。一天都不舒服，到下午量一下还是37.7℃还没退烧，吃点阿斯匹林退烧了。
11月28日 星期三℃晴
上午到办公室处理一下文件。下午阿东从桂平过来，一志喝了不少酒。
11月29日 星期四℃晴
上午阿东走了。中午高文焕、梁增发、韦明安、覃富业等人去北海，路过进来吃饭。卢达坚也从桂林来，一起喝了不少酒。晚上又和卢达坚等一起吃饭，喝了不少酒。
11月30日 星期五℃晴
上午先和阿武去把购物卡买了日用品，再去办公室处理一下文件。下午2点半回南宁。
十二月
12月1日星期六11－22℃晴
上午和阿爸走去文化市场，买点东西。晚上去吃饺子。
12月2日星期日14──23℃阴
一天在家。
12月3日星期一8──23℃晴
上午阿武来了后回来宾。下午去办公室处理一下文件，结果综合科的一帮人叫和他们吃饭，就去了喝多了。
12月4日星期二7──23℃晴
上午休息，中午时钦州法院的赵锌到这里的法院办事，叫出去吃饭，和小盘去了，一喝就喝到4点多，喝多了。小盘也多了，叫她到我房间，和她****，记得好像很激烈，她也配合动了，好像水好多。晚上小盘和阿梅叫出去吃霄夜，一吃又叫覃刚来又喝了两瓶洋酒，又多了。
12月5日星期三13──22℃多云
昨天和小盘****厉害，全身都酸痛。一天在宿舍。
12月6日星期四12──20℃阴
本来上午要开中层干部述职会的，结果李副市长叫我过去汇报，就让他们先开着，结果和李只聊了半个小时，先回宿舍休息，10点多才去参加会议。下午党组民主生活会，区局和市里也还是没有人来参加，哈！5年了他们都不来多好的。晚上是王全来，和他们喝了不少酒，但今晚没事。
12月7日星期五8──21℃多云
上午10点和他们开一下会研究一下明年的订货问题。下午2点半和阿武回南宁，晚上大家去“竹蓠芭”吃饭，明天请阿武送阿爸回梧州了。
12月8日星期六13──21℃阴
上午9点让阿武送阿爸回梧州。结果他们在路上被堵了2个小时。和莎去帮儿子买游戏碟，再去老梦吃饭回。
12月9日星期日14──23℃阴
上午和莎去韦萤处买了个漫步者H260耳塞，花了160元，真好！
12月10日星期一16──23℃多云
上午在家。下午阿武来了后再回来宾。晚饭和安徽的老高和江苏的王处一起吃饭，喝了不少酒。晚上机关的演出，给他们照相。
12月11日星期二17──26℃阴
一天经济运行分析会。晚上和黄桂廷及土地局的肖局等一起吃饭，定了我们出报名费500万，以确保地皮到我们手，又喝了不少。
12月12日星期三15──22℃多云
上午去办公室和来宾信用社的汤主任谈一下，他们把电结的费用率降下来了，由千分之三降到千分之一，但要给他们留余额。下午和李金友和黄丹明去南宁参加区局的用工和分配改革会议报到，明天开一天。
12月13日星期四15──19℃阴
一天会议。传达、领导讲话、讨论、总结。张长胜和阿贵参加会议了。晚上和张长胜、阿贵他们一起吃饭。明天不回去了。
12月14日星期五14──20℃阴
一天在家。中午和莎出去吃粉。
12月15日星期六16──22℃阴
上午和莎去新梦走走，人多，梦之岛正在搞活动。吃了饭回。
12月16日星期日15──23℃阴
一天在家，用Photoshop处理黑白照片，掌握了。明天张天杰来人去来宾搞班子年底考核，8点叫阿武来回来宾。
12月17日星期一14──21℃阴
上午10点半他们到了后开会我们述职。下午他们找人谈话，我给中层干部传达用工分配会议精神。晚上走了几摊，喝了不少酒。梁四过来了，晚上还和他们法院的去唱了下歌。
12月18日星期二10──12雨
冷了下雨。上午他们还是谈话。我给李金友交代一下工作。明天要去象州搞中心组学习，再准备一下材料，要给他们做一下十七大辅导。下午他们谈完了班子成员后给班子反馈情况后他们回去了。
12月19日星期三10──13℃雨
一早去象州，在马坪乡的盘古天地搞中心级学习。10点开始，先让来宾讲师团的讲，我下午给他们再讲一下十七大精神。晚上和他们喝了不少酒
12月20日星期四12──20℃雨
上午讨论。下午我给三个县员工讲文明礼貌。晚上7点汇演，大家高兴，但水平不高，今后要提高水平。和他们一起吃消夜，喝了不少酒。
12月21日星期五11──14℃雨
吃了早餐回来宾，到办公室处理一下文件。今天地皮公示了，让他们去办。下午和阿武回南宁。来宾一直下雨，又冷才12℃，到了南宁却是26℃，到了半夜才冷点。
12月22日星期六14──17℃雨
上午和莎上街去一下新梦，吃了饭回。下午搞一下歼十飞机的垂尾，买回来时没有注意少了垂尾，用塑料板做了一个，要买回涂料涂好。
12月23日星期日12──17℃阴
一天在家。莎出去帮仔买书，顺帮我把飞机模型的颜料买回来，中午把飞机的垂尾搞好。
12月24日星期一9──18℃多云
上午和莎去图书批发市场，在书店买到了RAW的书，太好了！下午在区局参加明年烟草税务全国大检查的布置会。晚上和他们一起吃饭后回来宾。
12月25日星期二9──18℃阴
上午在宿舍。下午大学生座谈会，晚上和大家喝了不少酒。
12月26日星期三12──17℃阴
上午在宿舍。下午去办公室处理一下文件，今天访销完了，约超了100多箱，今年又是全面完成任务。今天要物流中心地皮的报名搞完了，交了500万元。晚上和黄桂廷等一起吃饭，喝了不少酒。
12月27日星期四12──17℃小雨
上午是营销中心客户经理技术大比拼。下午准备一下明天的讲话，5点半过去给他们颁奖。晚上先客户经理吃饭，再去一下人防办吃饭的地方，再和李军他们一起喝啤酒，又喝了不少。
12月28日星期五11──14℃小雨
上午客户经理技术比拼总结，我给他们讲了2人小时的话。中午开了个房叫阿芳过来****，做了很多次，累坏了。4点去一下办公室。晚上和专卖办的人一起吃饭，又喝了不少的红酒，12点过国大再和阿芳****，又做了很多次。
12月29日星期六9──12℃多云
早上又和小谭做了一次，射了。10点回，去一下办公室。下午一点和阿武回南宁，接了莎去钦州，晚上一家人吃饭。
12月30日星期日8──18℃多云
上午和莎梦之岛水晶城，正在搞活动人多。我买了双法骆的皮革和一条皮带。吃了饭回。下午在家。
12月31日星期一9──16℃多云
上午和莎去新梦，这里也在搞活动我更多。买了两个电暖手毯，吃了饭回。下午在家。
二〇〇七年过去了，这一年我的工作更顺手了，企业规范，中层干部努力而理解我的工作意图，我在员工中的威信高，今年更是全面完成任务，收入又高达20万元，明年更好做。鉴于此我都无所谓回不回区局了，能再干二年直接回区局干个闲职再内退最好。今年儿子又争气，得到了推荐研究生，不用考了，两年后他找工作会容易多。今年自己玩相机上了一个台阶，今后就会好好地玩到老。玩女人上，终于玩了，又和小盘玩上了，还固定地和谭善芳玩，还有个莫瑶待玩，今年真是交了桃花运，女人多了就是要注意身体。
http://www.gispark.com/uploads/allimg/100904/0J525CE-0-lp.jpg 局长日记完整版,烟草局长日记,局长日记原文 社会万象 admin 未知 2010-09-04 07:36 贾静雯前夫孙志浩个人资料[照片]
http://www.gispark.com/html/bagua/2010/0904/3034.html
贾静雯前夫孙志浩个人资料：贾静雯前夫孙志浩是上海天虎国际货运总经理孙志浩，英文名Charles，比贾静雯小两岁。孙志浩的父亲是上海天虎货运老板孙文骐。家族物流企业网遍及全世界。天虎货运（AirTigerExpress）成立于1976年，1983年将总部调迁往纽约，之后再在上海成 贾静雯前夫孙志浩个人资料：贾静雯前夫孙志浩是上海天虎国际货运总经理孙志浩，英文名Charles，比贾静雯小两岁。孙志浩的父亲是上海天虎货运老板孙文骐。家族物流企业网遍及全世界。天虎货运（AirTigerExpress）成立于1976年，1983年将总部调迁往纽约，之后再在上海成立公司，该公司在陆、海、空提供货运服务，在深圳有也据点，国际空运协会的排名也名列前茅。孙文骐有两个儿子，孙志浩纽约大学毕业后，协助父亲处理公司业务。
孙志浩上海的家位于汤臣上海高尔夫花园别墅，在上海浦东是数一数二的豪宅，孙家住的别墅市值1000万元，屋外紧临汤臣国际级标准高尔夫球场。孙志浩家在此地拥有3栋私人别墅，一栋自住、两栋出租。据邻居透露，孙家出租的别墅，每栋月租就要6000美金(约折合人民币4万元)。 http://www.gispark.com/uploads/allimg/100904/0I2502396-0-lp.jpg 照片,个人资料,孙志浩,前夫,贾静雯, 明星八卦 admin 未知 2010-09-04 06:25 何炅老婆孩子照片[王菁资料介绍]
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何炅老婆孩子照片和何炅老婆王菁资料介绍： 2010年3月，王菁被爆料是何炅的妻子，为了何炅的事业，甘心的在何炅身后做了一个默默无闻的妻子。 王菁，何炅的老婆，比何炅大3岁，曾是《演艺圈》的运作总监，何炅出版的《刚刚好》、《最好的幸福》等书，多亏了王菁帮忙。 何炅老婆孩子照片和何炅老婆王菁资料介绍：
2010年3月，王菁被爆料是何炅的妻子，为了何炅的事业，甘心的在何炅身后做了一个默默无闻的妻子。
王菁，何炅的老婆，比何炅大3岁，曾是《演艺圈》的运作总监，何炅出版的《刚刚好》、《最好的幸福》等书，多亏了王菁帮忙。两人相恋10年，“炅迷”都称王菁为“王菁阿姨”。其实王菁不仅是何炅的女友，何炅的事业能有今天，王菁也要记上一功。相传俩人早已经秘密登记结婚了。
何炅与王菁早在十年前就已经相知相识，王菁比何炅大三岁，两人关系非常好，尤其是王菁，除了对何炅的事业有很大帮助外，在生活中也非常照顾他，“她帮何炅开专栏，帮他做宣传、出书等等，哪一项王菁都出了很多的力。在生活和工作中，王菁给了何炅很多支持和帮助，也帮他打理了很多琐事。”两人珠联璧合，创造了一段佳话。
何炅与美丽妻子王菁的甜美爱情一直不被外界所知，而王菁也甘愿做何炅背后的女人，十余年来他们就是如此相濡以沫的。艺人们这种越是平淡的爱情越能够长久，这种平平淡淡的日积月累不知不觉间创造了娱乐圈的一段佳话。
何炅和老婆王菁的照片：
http://www.gispark.com/uploads/allimg/100904/03334UY4-0-lp.jpg 何炅老婆孩子照片,何炅老婆王菁照片,王菁资料 明星八卦 admin 未知 2010-09-04 03:27 朱丽倩年轻时的照片【组图】
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从朱丽倩年轻时的照片来看，朱丽倩从小就是一个没人胚子，刘德华真的是很有眼光啊！朱丽倩为马来西亚华侨，其父为马来西亚富商，并经营地产、海鲜酒楼、旅游业。1985年19岁的朱丽倩与姐妹参加新潮小姐比赛。在参赛时曾有媒体问朱丽倩择偶标准，其大方直言：最喜欢刘德 从朱丽倩年轻时的照片来看，朱丽倩从小就是一个美人胚子，刘德华真的是很有眼光啊！朱丽倩为马来西亚华侨，其父为马来西亚富商，并经营地产、海鲜酒楼、旅游业。1985年19岁的朱丽倩与姐妹参加“新潮小姐比赛”。在参赛时曾有媒体问朱丽倩择偶标准，其大方直言：“最喜欢刘德华，找男友就找他这样的。”富家小姐的她18岁时因选美成名，是位“出得厅堂入得厨房”的美女。 后因结识偶像刘德华，在其背后隐身长达20年。多年来，在媒体的描述中，甘于躲在刘德华背后20多年的朱丽倩，除了神秘外，给人更多的印象是温柔低调、婉约可人，而在结识刘德华之前，朱丽倩则是当地不折不扣的社交明星。
朱丽倩个人档案
英文名：Carol
生日：1966年4月6日
身高：165CM左右
籍贯：马来西亚
殊荣：曾荣获马来西亚新潮小姐选举季军
这张朱丽倩年轻时的照片看起来好清纯
这样应该是朱丽倩获马来西亚新潮小姐选举季军时的照片
朱丽倩年轻是为某时尚杂志拍摄的封面照片
http://www.gispark.com/uploads/allimg/100904/0320133045-0-lp.jpg 朱丽倩个人照片,朱丽倩年轻照片,朱丽倩生活照片 明星八卦 admin 未知 2010-09-04 03:12 中戏校花刘子璇电脑被人破解，大量私密照片被爆[组图]
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刘子璇毕业于中央戏剧学院，她是最近网络上很火的平面模特，凭借一套某杂志的封面照而走红网络，该封面照SHOW出了她性感火辣的身材，让无数男人倾倒。其大胆的风格和想法也让很多人佩服。据传最近电脑被人破解，很多尺度较大涉及自己私生活的照片被爆出来！ 个人档案 刘子璇毕业于中央戏剧学院，她是最近网络上很火的平面模特，凭借一套某杂志的封面照而走红网络，该封面照SHOW出了她性感火辣的身材，让无数男人倾倒。其大胆的风格和想法也让很多人佩服。据传最近电脑被人破解，很多尺度较大涉及自己私生活的照片被爆出来！
个人档案
刘子璇姓名：刘紫璇（cherrg)（原名刘敏，刘子璇）
星座：水瓶座
家乡：中国 安徽 合肥
血型：O型
身高：166cm
体重：43kg
三围：90 63 90
刘子璇头发颜色：黑
鞋码：36
职业：平面模特
喜欢的城市：成都
最想去的地方：法国 巴黎
喜欢的宠物：狗
喜欢的口头禅：真的吗？
自我评定：活泼，阳光，善良，认真，朴实。性格直爽，对待工作特别认真负责，重感情。
演艺经历
刘子璇曾获河北卫视《非常巨星》栏目组最佳女主角奖
第3界《肚皮舞》大赛优秀奖
第7界演绎精英大赛《明日之星》女十强
韩影宫纤形象代言人
车衣裳汽车用品形象代言人
中国移动动态广告
杂志
《时尚做驾》 《清凉夏日》 《巴黎春天》《人像摄影》《今日影像》
刘子璇的某杂志封面女郎影视剧
《三言两拍》 饰演 枚子
《铁证》 饰演 白雪
《小林相亲记》 饰演 云云
《覆雨翻云》 饰演 付昭如
《魔界》 饰演 秀芳
电影《百夜顾拥》饰演 女二号
走红网络
刘子璇毕业于中央戏剧学院的性感美女刘子璇，如今已是网络上很火的平面模特和各大封面杂志的时尚宠儿。凭借一套著名杂志封面照而走红网络的她，不仅拥有性感火辣的身材，让无数男人倾倒，其大胆的风格和想法也让很多人佩服。闪光灯的背后，刘子璇是个热爱生活、善于表达的漂亮女孩。和所有年轻人一样，工作之余的她喜欢旅游、逛街、看书，喜欢记录和分享自己的点滴生活。
http://www.gispark.com/uploads/allimg/100902/1414532335-0-lp.JPG 私密,大量,照片,爆,组图,破解,被人,校花,刘,璇,电脑, 明星八卦 admin 未知 2010-09-02 14:13 Bana accurate open
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风吹时光，一地残花 回望过去，就像拾起一片凋零而残败的花瓣，馨香阵阵，在空气里 香港花店 旋绕浮沉四溢，飘忽得像屡屡卷着尘埃袅袅直上的炊烟，写着离别的诗行。一阵风便轻易地将我拾起的沉甸甸的过去用轻柔的双手牵走，是的，很轻柔，让我在抬眼之际 污水提升器 才 风吹时光，一地残花 回望过去，就像拾起一片凋零而残败的花瓣，馨香阵阵，在空气里香港花店旋绕浮沉四溢，飘忽得像屡屡卷着尘埃袅袅直上的炊烟，写着离别的诗行。一阵风便轻易地将我拾起的沉甸甸的过去用轻柔的双手牵走，是的，很轻柔，让我在抬眼之际污水提升器才发现那早已远去而寻不回的背影。我感觉与过去触碰的双手如此凝重，指尖上点点水渍里溶解的冰凉，凝固着沉淀的美好。我双手触摸不到风，无法感觉时光的流动。 时间一直是生命里的掠夺者，总是在一天津门禁定的时间带走我们身边的事物。记忆里记住的东西刻在脑皮层下，蜿蜒的脉络，总有深深浅浅的不协调，像是斑驳的墙上强势攀爬的爬山虎，生命旺盛时牢牢地黏着，一旦枯萎，便与墙角边衰落的枯草般并无一二，记忆一样会随时光彩色石头慢慢变浅，直到完完全全退出，以光滑的表面去迎接着新生事物。有时，或者说总是，记忆里的东西总一点矩型管滴地在悄悄隐去，在我们竭力去挽留另一件事物的痕迹的时候。 该走的总会走，该留的也许会留下。我迷茫电力金具在空旷的时光里，不知行走于何处，不知逗留于何处。牵着孤独一个人在完美的计划里停留转圈，最后发现这样高处防坠一段时光绵延成一个朦胧的点，同样的状态挥洒了太多笔墨去晕染，终究不会是雪绗缝机白宣纸上淡淡墨痕的花朵，毕竟，执笔的人意不在此。 花费大段时光去诵读吟咏婉约的宋词，感觉平淡的日有梭绗缝机子里弥漫着飘荡千年携裹着风尘的墨香，可是我终究没有留住那样一段岁月，我发现那些词雪地鞋悄悄从我枕着的月光里溜走，模模糊糊，像是月光下渐渐消逝的影子。 山西省地图 yuwei07 2010-08-30 06:37 三年的情人节
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三年的情人节 七夕是多吗美好幸福的节日，有情人的，有另一 北京鲜花店 半的人，他们是多吗的幸福，情侣之间在一起过一个浪漫的情人节，夫妻之间过着幸福快乐的情人节，总之有啦自己的另一半的朋友你们的情人节将是幸福甜蜜快乐的，因为你们与自己爱 大闸蟹 的人过情人 三年的情人节 七夕是多吗美好幸福的节日，有情人的，有另一北京鲜花店半的人，他们是多吗的幸福，情侣之间在一起过一个浪漫的情人节，夫妻之间过着幸福快乐的情人节，总之有啦自己的另一半的朋友你们的情人节将是幸福甜蜜快乐的，因为你们与自己爱大闸蟹的人过情人节。而那些没有另一半的人，如果你有一个和你一样的异性朋友，他们也没有另一半你们也可以来过情人节，毕竟你们不孤独，因为你们有一污水提升装置个或几个很好的知己。我真的很羡慕你们，因为你们很快乐。 如果你还记的我们的约定，我相信正宗阳澄湖大闸蟹今年的情人节你将会出现在我的面前，我已经为了这个约定守候啦三年，记得曾经你说过三年后的情人节你将会实现我的愿望，条件就是让我记得你三年，如果按年广州开发区厂房之后我们都还是单身我们就回在一起，也许三年前的一句话只是只是开玩笑，或者是是什么.....但是当时我没有当真，直到一年后的情人节你打来电话问我在干嘛，我就说安全工器具啦情人节能干吗，？约会呗，我们有想到是她打来的电话，当我说完这句话的时候我才知道说错话啦。 她只是说啦几句话开了几床垫机械生产商句话我问她在干吗？她也说在约会，说的很高兴的样子，我还傻傻的问她电脑绗缝机你情人节给我打电话不怕你男朋友生气啊，她只是笑啦笑没有说话，最后说啦一句话情人节快啦。就挂啦电话，我还没有明白她是在想说什么，那时的我也们有多想只是与现在女朋友约会去啦。当时我真的不知道她那时只是一个人在街上走着给我打电话，如果不是行缝机她好朋友给我说那年她一个人在外面11点才回家，只是她一个人。我听啦后也没在说什么。 她朋友告诉我在我们离开这的一年的时间里，她只是上班下荧光分光光度计班和我一起出去玩玩，就这样她过啦一年。第二年她交啦一个能朋友，只相处的半年因为不和分啦，第二年的情人节她把自己关在屋里，我不知道她在里面干什么，只是很长时间才出来，我问她怎嘛啦，她只说你怎嘛没和你男朋友过情人节去啊，说完后就一个人出去啦。 山西省地图 yuwei07 2010-08-30 06:36 开错颜色的花，葬是它的家
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开错颜色的花，葬是它的家 你如风地走过，很美。发絮飘过的瞬间，定格成一 疱疹 幅简单而足以惊艳的画卷。卷中，你委婉地留下个身影，就如此简单的影却牵我魂绕数匝。开始明白，对你，竟有一种从未有过的，淡淡的喜欢。 很快地，我几乎忘了一切，忘了自己，却习惯看窗 开错颜色的花，葬是它的家 你如风地走过，很美。发絮飘过的瞬间，定格成一疱疹幅简单而足以惊艳的画卷。卷中，你委婉地留下个身影，就如此简单的影却牵我魂绕数匝。开始明白，对你，竟有一种从未有过的，淡淡的喜欢。 很快地，我几乎忘了一切，忘了自己，却习惯看窗压力表外的你拣拾落红后的一声叹息，习惯看雨中的你撑伞踏过浅水绽放的涟漪，甚至是你睡在教室的一份安谧。这习惯愈加强烈，在无声中竟占据我狂乱的心跳。慢慢地懂得，对你，不知从何时便上海阳澄湖大闸蟹有了青春期最奇妙的，一种无法控制的，暗恋。 所以我变得不是我，期待和你聊天会傻笑，回忆你焊管的笑靥会傻笑。花季的我渐渐发现，哪怕只是呆呆地想你，都是环保袋种享受，这种感觉，是无法言语的，甜蜜。 只恨相遇相知，却无法相惜。太多焚烧炉外在的原因，终究你我连友谊的线都彻底断掉。最后，是你拂袖而去，揭开这幅画的空荡，明白你我间花机过期的友谊，仅如一盏茶，淡淡而已。 纵然如此，还是会怀旧，每一杯香茗青烟绕梁的刹那，该是何等壮观、艳丽。而你，仅轻轻床垫机械拂袖挽手，便拂开一段氤氲，绘下长烟一空的清凉。我静静得读，却都是一样的感受，一样的伤。 依稀记得那是个秋季，风冷了许多。你不留下再多的话语，两旁的落叶，在夕阳的墨苏州 律师中染成血一般的红，纷纷落于你的脚前。俯身，你轻拾过一叶，就如此匆匆离开我的视线。我亦拾起一片，看着这绗缝机幅猩红的画，知道你不可能再回首一瞬，可我还痴痴等了一季季。 山西省地图 yuwei07 2010-08-30 06:34 沙漏，记载着姐妹情怀
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沙漏，记载着姐妹情怀 她和他是一对好姐妹，她们总是形影不离，吃饭 生殖器疱疹 在一起，睡觉挤在一个被窝，玩在一起，学在一起。别人都对她们的这种行为感到不解，认为两个 潜水泵 女孩怎么可以像谈恋爱的情侣一样，永远黏在一起。只是，她们谁的不在意那些无厘头的同 沙漏，记载着姐妹情怀 她和他是一对好姐妹，她们总是形影不离，吃饭生殖器疱疹在一起，睡觉挤在一个被窝，玩在一起，学在一起。别人都对她们的这种行为感到不解，认为两个潜水泵女孩怎么可以像谈恋爱的情侣一样，永远黏在一起。只是，她们谁的不在意那些无厘头的同学所造出的谣言，她们有他们自己的快乐。 她和她相识在14岁的雨季，那是幼稚的她织标们在谁都不懂得什么是爱情的时节，却都有着相似的遭遇，相似的忧伤。她们互广州仓库相安慰，互相支持，只是，劝说得了别人却总不能劝说自己，总是说着说电主轴着早已泪流满面，然后，紧紧的抱在一起，放声大哭，哭出自己的忧伤，哭出自己的无奈。 她们都喜欢上了沙漏，只因为在看饶雪皇台股份漫的《沙漏》时，她们都感动的泪流满面，那句“The sandglass remember the time we lost”永远的在她们心中铭记。她们都是病孩子，生活在寂寞的春天里，只是，在疾病发作的时候，她们有沙漏的陪伴，用它死死裁剪机的顶住那剧烈疼痛的胃，以此来得到一些缓解。 她总是叫她孩孩玮，一声又一声的叫着，她总是床垫封边机快乐的应着；她总叫她孩孩雨，一声又一声的叫着，她总是快乐的应着。孩孩雨，孩孩玮，永远的孩孩，只因为她们互相对方。她们是快乐的，在雨后的晴天，有她们漫步的身影；在午后的黄昏，有她们踏过的脚印；在新春晾衣绳佳节来临之际，有她们承载着春的气息。她们是悲伤的，她们被好多人误解，即使她们那样的善良；她们总遭到别人的怨恨，即使她们那样的单纯；她们时常会引起别人悲伤，即使她们所做的一切都是为了别人能好好的。 云南省地图 yuwei07 2010-08-30 06:33 Waiting at the Door
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Waiting at the Door My grandmother became a widow in 1970. Shortly after that, we went needle valve to the animal shelter to pick out a puppy to keep her company. Grandma moncler veste decided on a little terrier that had a moncler veste reddish-bro Waiting at the Door My grandmother became a widow in 1970. Shortly after that, we went needle valve to the animal shelter to pick out a puppy to keep her company. Grandma moncler veste decided on a little terrier that had a moncler vestereddish-brown spot above each eye. Because of these spots, the dog was p romptly named Penny. Grandma and Penny quickly became tn requin very attached to each other, but that attachment grew much nike air maxstronger about three years later when Grandma had a stroke. Grandma pas cher moncler could no longer work, so when she came home from the hospital, she and Penny were constant companions. After her stroke, it became a manteau de moncler real problem for Grandma to let Penny in and out because the door was at moncler veste the bottom of a flight of stairs. So a mechanism using a rope and pulley was installed from the winter bootsback door to a handle at the top of the stairs. Grandma just had to pull the handle to open and close the door. If the store preｓｃｒｉｐｔion safety glasses was out of Penny's favorite dog food, Grandma would make one of us cook Penny browned beef with diced potatoes in it. I can remember paraquat teasing my grandmother that she loved that dog better than she loved her family. As the years passed, Grandma and cheap jordans Penny became inseparable. Grandma's old house could be filled to the brim with people, but if Grandmanike air max went to take her nap, Penny walked along beside her and stayed by her side until she awoke. As gucci handbagsPenny aged, she could no longer jump up on the bed to lay next to Grandma, so she laid cheap shoes on the rug beside the bed. If Grandma went into the bathroom, Penny would hobble along beside her, wait outside embroidery machine the door and accompany her back to the bed or chair. Grandma cnc rotating shuttle quilting machine never went anywhere without her faithful companion by her side. The time came when both my grandmother cnc quilting machine and Penny's health were failing fast. Penny couldn't get around very well, and Grandma had been hospitalized several times. My uncle and I lived with Grandma, so Penny was never left alone, even when Grandma was in the hospital. 陕西省地图 yuwei07 2010-08-30 06:31 A Word on Advice
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